Table 3.
Effects detected by the interaction of metal oxide NPs over different crops.
| NPs | Concentration | Plant | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZnO, CuO and CeO2 | 100, 500, and 1000 mg∙kg DW−1 | Sweet potato | Yield affected at high concentrations | [151] |
| CuO | 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g∙L−1 | Duckweed | Changes in, growth rate, and photosynthetic content | [152] |
| Fe2O3 | 20, 50, and 100 mg∙L−1 | Maize | Decrease in root length at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL−1 | [153] |
| TiO2 | 10 and 40 mg∙L−1 | Dragonhead | Increase in plant shoot and essential oil content | [154] |
| ZnO | 2000 mg∙L−1 | Maize and rice | Root elongation significantly decreased | [155] |
| TiO2 | 1000 mg∙L−1 | Wheat | Early growth parameter adversely affected | [156] |
| CeO2 | 1000 and 2000 mg∙kg−1 | Romaine lettuce | Lower chlorophyll content and biomass production | [157] |
| TiO2 | 100–1000 mg∙L−1 | Thale cress | Chlorophyll content reduction, plant biomass modification, and antioxidant enzymes alteration | [144] |
| CeO2 | 250–500 mg∙kg−1 | Tomato | Increase in shoot length and chlorophyll content | [148] |
| CoFe2O4 | 1000 mg∙L−1 | Tomato | No effects on germination, root length improved | [6] |
| NiO2 | 120 mg∙kg−1 | Wheat | Reduction in plant growth, increase in antioxidant content and photosynthesis inhibition | [158] |
| ZnO | 15, 62, 125, 250, and 500 mg∙L−1 | Wheat | Enhancement in root and shoot length | [145] |
| CuO | 5, 10, and 20 mg∙L−1 | Alfalfa and Lettuce | Decrease in root and shoot length, modification in enzyme activity | [159] |
| Al2O3 | 2000 mg∙L−1 | Maize | Slightly toxic to root elongation | [155] |
| TiO2 | 10 mg∙L−1 | Mug bean | Modification in shoot length, root length, chlorophyll content, and total soluble leaf protein | [160] |
| CuO | 10 mg∙L−1 | Thale cress | Root damage | [161] |
| CuO | 500–1000 mg∙L−1 | Watermelon | CuO NPs increased biomass and produce more fruit than untreated controls | [162] |
| γ-Fe2O3 | 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg∙L−1 | Maize (Zea mays L) and rice (Oryza sativa) | γ-Fe2O3 caused the highest seed germination percentage and seedling vigor index at 500 ppm for both crops | [163] |
| TiO2, SiO2 | 1000 mg∙L−1 | Maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) | SiO2 reduced shoot length and shoot fresh weight; TiO2 caused a pigment content reduction | [164] |
| TiO2 | 30, 50, and 100 mg∙kg−1 | Wheat (Triticum aestivum) | NPs enhanced root and shoot length and nutrient content in shoots (Ca, Cu, Al, Mg), crude protein content enhanced with 50 mg∙L−1 exposure | [165] |
| Fe2O3 | 500 mg∙kg−–1 | Wheat | Fe2O3 enhanced root length, plant height, biomass, and chlorophyll content, NPs were translocated to the leaves and caused root tip damage | [166] |
| CuO | 0.2–300 μg∙mL−1 | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) |
Inhibition of seed germination and radicle growth (40 μg∙mL−1); S-nitrosothiols levels in radicles showed direct dose–response to NPs. | [167] |
| Al2O3 | 0.4, 1, and 2 mg∙L−1 | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) |
NPs absorbed by root promoted macronutrient uptake, adsorption, and aggregation of NPs limited translocation to root | [168] |
| Al2O3 | 1.25 to 5 μM | Allium cepa | Micronuclei and DNA damage with an increase in concertation | [169] |
| TiO2, Fe2O3, CuO | 50 and 500 mg∙kg−1 | Wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Fe, Zn, and essential amino acid content decrease with CuO application, TiO2 increased amino acid accumulation, Fe2O3 increase cysteine and threonine contents | [170] |