Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, radiologic and laboratory findings according to symptoms and age group in children 1.
| Symptoms | Age | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Asymptomatic (n = 51) | Symptomatic (n = 107) | p Value | <10 Years (n = 116) | ≥10 Years (n = 40) | p Value | Total (n = 158) |
| Age (years) | 5.84 ± 4.91 | 5.39 ± 5.20 | 0.606 | 3.09 ± 3.21 | 12.60 ± 1.97 | 0.000 | 5.53 ± 5.08 |
| Male | 31/47 (66.0%) | 50/103 (48.5%) | 0.054 | 56/109 (51.4%) | 24/40 (60.0%) | 0.362 | 81/150 (54.0%) |
| Female | 16/47 (34.0%) | 53/103 (51.5%) | 0.054 | 47/97 (48.5%) | 11/27 (40.7%) | 0.519 | 69/150 (46.0%) |
| Country (location) | 0.000 | 0.007 | |||||
| China | 22/24 (91.7%) | 68/96 (70.8%) | - | 75/91 (82.4%) | 14/28 (50.0%) | - | 90/120 (75.0%) |
| Europe | - | 20/96 (20.8%) | - | 10/91 (11.0%) | 10/28 (35.7%) | - | 20/120 (16.7%) |
| Malaysia | 1/24 (4.2%) | 3/96 (3.1%) | - | 3/91 (3.3%) | 1/28 (3.6%) | - | 4/120 (3.3%) |
| United States | - | 3/96 (3.1%) | - | 1/91 (1.1%) | 2/28 (7.1%) | - | 3/120 (2.5%) |
| Republic of Korea | - | 1/96 (1.0%) | - | - | 1/28 (3.6%) | - | 1/120 (0.8%) |
| Vietnam | - | 1/96 (1.0%) | - | 1/91 (1.1%) | - | - | 1/120 (0.8%) |
| Singapore | 1/24 (4.2%) | - | - | 1/91 (1.1%) | - | - | 1/120 (0.8%) |
| Asymptomatic during follow-up | 23/24 (95.8%) | - | - | 14/14 (100.0%) | 8/9 (88.9%) | 0.391 | 23/24 (95.8%) |
| Radiology abnormal | 15/31 (48.4%) | 44/69 (63.8%) | 0.188 | 41/75 (54.7%) | 17/23 (73.9%) | 0.145 | 59/100 (59.0%) |
| Typical ground-glass opacities with patchy shadows | 4/31 (12.9%) | 15/69 (21.7%) | 0.411 | 13/75 (17.3%) | 6/23 (26.1%) | 0.374 | 19/100 (19.0%) |
| Typical ground-glass opacities with consolidation | 2/31 (6.5%) | 0/69 (0.0%) | 0.094 | 2/75 (2.7%) | 0/23 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 2/100 (2.0%) |
| Typical ground-glass opacities only | 3/31 (9.7%) | 11/68 (16.2%) | 0.539 | 8/75 (10.7%) | 6/22 (27.3%) | 0.080 | 14/99 (14.1%) |
| Typical ground-glass opacities | 10/31 (32.3%) | 27/69 (39.1%) | 0.655 | 24/75 (32.0%) | 13/23 (56.5%) | 0.049 | 37/100 (37.0%) |
| Consolidation | 0/31 (0.0%) | 3/69 (4.3%) | 0.550 | 2/75 (2.7%) | 1/23 (4.3%) | 1.000 | 3/100 (3.0%) |
| Signs of pneumonia | 14/31 (45.2%) | 43/69 (62.3%) | 0.129 | 39/75 (52.0%) | 17/23 (73.9%) | 0.091 | 57/100 (57.0%) |
| Bronchitis | 1/31 (3.2%) | 1/69 (1.4%) | 1.000 | 2/75 (2.7%) | 0/23 (0.0%) | 1.000 | 2/100 (2.0%) |
| Laboratory abnormal | 17/31 (54.8%) | 61/93 (65.6%) | 0.104 | 63/95 (66.3%) | 14/31 (45.2%) | 0.055 | 78/128 (60.9%) |
| WBC count, high | 2/35 (5.7%) | 11/93 (11.8%) | 0.356 | 12/95 (12.6%) | 1/31 (3.2%) | 0.184 | 13/128 (10.2%) |
| low | 1/35 (2.9%) | 13/93 (14.0%) | 0.110 | 9/95 (9.5%) | 5/31 (16.1%) | 0.330 | 14/128 (10.9%) |
| Neutrophil count, high | 0/33 (0.0%) | 5/86 (5.8%) | 0.320 | 3/88 (3.4%) | 2/29 (6.9%) | 0.596 | 5/119 (4.2%) |
| low | 2/33 (6.1%) | 15/86 (17.4%) | 0.148 | 13/88 (14.8%) | 3/29 (10.3%) | 0.758 | 17/119 (14.3%) |
| Lymphocyte count, high | 0/35 (0.0%) | 13/93 (14.0%) | 0.019 | 11/95 (11.6%) | 1/31 (3.2%) | 0.291 | 13/128 (10.2%) |
| low | 1/35 (2.9%) | 10/93 (10.8%) | 0.185 | 10/95 (10.5%) | 1/31 (3.2%) | 0.291 | 11/128 (8.6%) |
| Platelet count, high | 0/33 (0.0%) | 5/86 (5.8%) | 0.320 | 4/88 (4.5%) | 1/29 (3.4%) | 1.000 | 5/119 (4.2%) |
| low | 2/33 (6.1%) | 2/86 (2.3%) | 0.575 | 3/88 (3.4%) | 1/29 (3.4%) | 1.000 | 4/119 (3.4%) |
| Creatinine level, high | 0/31 (0.0%) | 2/83 (2.4%) | 0.601 | 0/83 (0.0%) | 2/29 (6.9%) | 0.065 | 2/114 (1.8%) |
| low | 0/31 (0.0%) | 10/83 (12.0%) | 0.060 | 10/83 (12.0%) | 0/29 (0.0%) | 0.061 | 10/114 (8.8%) |
| LDH level, high | 1/33 (3.0%) | 7/88 (8.0%) | 0.444 | 7/88 (8.0%) | 1/31 (3.2%) | 0.454 | 8/121 (6.6%) |
| CRP, high | 2/35 (5.7%) | 21/92 (22.8%) | 0.037 | 17/94 (18.1%) | 6/31 (19.4%) | 1.000 | 23/127 (18.1%) |
| High ALT level, high | 3/33 (9.1%) | 7/90 (7.8%) | 1.000 | 9/90 (10.0%) | 1/31 (3.2%) | 0.295 | 10/123 (8.1%) |
| low | 0/33 (0.0%) | 3/90 (3.3%) | 0.563 | 1/90 (1.1%) | 2/31 (6.5%) | 0.161 | 3/123 (2.4%) |
| Procalcitonin level, high | 1/8 (12.5%) | 12/22 (54.5%) | 0.092 | 9/20 (45.0%) | 4/10 (40.0%) | 1.000 | 13/30 (43.3%) |
| D-dimer level, high | 2/7 (28.6%) | 9/29 (31.0%) | 1.000 | 10/28 (35.7%) | 1/8 (12.5%) | 0.388 | 11/36 (30.6%) |
| CK-MB level, high | 7/11 (63.6%) | 8/22 (36.4%) | 0.266 | 14/28 (50.0%) | 1/5 (20.0%) | 0.346 | 15/33 (45.5%) |
1 Data are mean ± SD or number (percentage) of patients. Different denominators are due to unavailable results, or because the test is not done. Values in bold indicate statistically significant results. Abbreviations: WBC (white blood cells), LDH (lactose dehydrogenase), CRP (C-reactive protein), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), CK-MB (creatine kinase MB fraction).