| SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| SAMs | Self-assembled monolayers |
| O-GlcNAc | O-linked glycoprotein β-N-acetylglucosamine |
| OST | Oligosaccharyltransferase |
| CPS | Capsular Polysaccharides |
| LPS | Lipopolysaccharides |
| ECA | Enterobacterial common antigen |
| HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
| MVN | Microvirin |
| VEE | Venezuelan equine encephalitis |
| SPR | Surface plasmon resonance |
| Leb | Lewis-b |
| GOx | Glucose Oxidase |
| QCM | Quartz crystal microbalance |
| SPE | Screen-printed electrode |