Skip to main content
. 2020 Sep 7;17(18):6506. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186506

Table 2.

Forest BVOCs and their chemical characteristics listed on the basis of the magnitude of emissions (in descending order).

Molecule Chemical Family IUPAC Formula Structure CAS number Boiling Point (at 760 mmHg) Molar Mass (g/mol) I/C 1 C/D 2 E 3 P 4
Isoprene Isoprenoids 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene C5H8 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i001.jpg 78-79-5 34.1 °C 68.12 C D **** +++
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol GLVs (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol C6H12O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i002.jpg 928-96-1 156.5 °C 100.16 I D *** +++
cis-3-Hexenal GLVs (Z)-hex-3-enal C6H10O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i003.jpg 6789-80-6 126 °C 98.14 I D *** +++
cis-3-Hexenyl acetate GLVs [(Z)-hex-3-enyl] acetate C8H14O2 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i004.jpg 3681-71-8 174.2 °C 142.2 I D *** +++
d-Limonene Monoterpene hydrocarbons (4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i005.jpg 65996-98-7 175.4 °C 136.23 C, I D *** +/+++
α-Pinene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i006.jpg 67762-73-6 156 °C 136.23 C, I D *** +/+++
(E)-β-Ocimene Monoterpene hydrocarbons (3E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i007.jpg 3779-61-1 175.2 °C 136.23 C, I D ** +/++
1,8-Cineole Monoterpenoid ethers 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane C10H18O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i008.jpg 470-82-6 176.4 °C 154.25 C, I D **
Camphor Monoterpenoid ketones 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one C10H16O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i009.jpg 76-22-2 205.7 °C 152.23 **
Linalool Monoterpenoid alcohol 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol C10H18O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i010.jpg 78-70-6 197.5 °C 154.25 C, L D ** +/++
p-Cymene Aromatic monoterpene hydrocarbons 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene C10H14 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i011.jpg 99-87-6 177 °C 134.22 C D **
Sabinene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 4-methylidene-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i012.jpg 3387-41-5 164 °C 136.23 C D **
β-Caryophyllene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i013.jpg 87-44-5 NA 204.35 C, I D ** +/++
β-Myrcene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 7-methyl-3-methylideneocta-1,6-diene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i014.jpg 123-35-3 167 °C 136.23 C D **
β-Pinene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i015.jpg 127-91-3 166.0 °C 136.234 C, I D **
β 3-Carene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i016.jpg 74806-04-5 171.4 °C 136.234 C D **
(E)-Linalool-oxide Monoterpenoid oxide 2-[(2S,5S)-5-ethenyl-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]propan-2-ol C10H18O2 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i017.jpg 11063-78-8 NA 170.25 C D *
(Z)-Linalool-oxide Monoterpenoid oxide 2-(5-ethenyl-5-methyloxolan-2-yl)propan-2-ol C10H18O2 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i018.jpg 14049-11-7 224.2 °C 170.25 C D *
Borneol Monoterpenoid alcohol 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol C10H18O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i019.jpg 464-45-9 212.0 °C 154.25 C *
Bornyl acetate Monoteropene-derived ester (1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl) acetate C12H20O2 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i020.jpg 20347-65-3 223.5 °C 196.286 C *
Camphene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i021.jpg 79-92-5 157.5 °C 136.234 C D *
Terpinen-4-ol Monoterpenoid alcohol 4-methyl-1-propan-2-ylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol C10H18O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i022.jpg 562-74-3 209.0 °C 154.25 C *
α-Copaene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1R)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i023.jpg 3856-25-5 248.5 °C 204.35 I *
α-Humulene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1E,4E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i024.jpg 6753-98-6 166-168 °C 204.35 C D *
α-Phellandrene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i025.jpg 99-83-2 171.5 °C 136.234 C *
α-Terpinene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i026.jpg 99-86-5 174.1 °C 136.234 C D *
α-Terpineol Monoterpenoid alcohol 2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propan-2-ol C10H18O graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i027.jpg 10482-56-1 217.5 °C 154.249 C *
α-Terpinolene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i028.jpg 1124-27-2 186.0 °C 138.25 C D *
β-Phellandrene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 3-methylidene-6-propan-2-ylcyclohexene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i029.jpg 555-10-2 175 °C 136.234 C, I * +/+++
β-Terpinene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,4-diene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i030.jpg 99-85-4 183.0 °C 136.234 C, I D *
(Z)-β-Ocimene Monoterpene hydrocarbons (3Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i031.jpg 13877-91-3 175.2 °C 136.234 C, I D +/++
Bergamotene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 6-methyl-2-methylidene-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i032.jpg 7663-66-3 NA 208.38 I
DMNT Homoterpene hydrocarbons 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene C11H18 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i033.jpg 19945-61-0 195.6 °C 150.26 I +/++
Longifolene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 3,3,7-trimethyl-8-methylidenetricyclo[5.4.0.02,9]undecane C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i034.jpg 475-20-7 252.2 °C 204.35 C D
Methyl jasmonate Jasmonate ester methyl 2-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-[(Z)-pent-2-enyl]cyclopentyl]acetate C13H20O3 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i035.jpg 39924-52-2 302.9 °C 224.296 I
Methyl salicylate Benzoate ester methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C8H8O3 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i036.jpg 119-36-8 222.0 °C 152.147 I ++++
TMTT Homoterpene hydrocarbons (3E,7Z)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene C16H26 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i037.jpg 62235-06-7 293.2 °C 218.38 I +/++
α-Thujene Monoterpene hydrocarbons 2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-en C10H16 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i038.jpg 2867-05-2 152 °C 136.23 C
β-Farnesene Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylidenedodeca-1,6,10-triene C15H24 graphic file with name ijerph-17-06506-i039.jpg 18794-84-8 279.6 °C 204.35 I ++

1 I/C = Inducible/constitutive: forest VOC types. 2 C/D = Conifers/deciduous: tree types. 3 E = Emissions [3,8,42]: highly abundant emissions: ****; abundant emissions: ***; moderately abundant emissions: **; common emissions: *. 4 P = Persistence [3,8,42]: less than 10 min: +; 10–60 min: ++; 1 h–24 h: +++; more than 24 h: ++++.