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Endosomal escape mediated by the Proton-Sponge Effect. Surface coatings of IONs sequester protons from the endosomal lumen and create an osmotic gradient. The increase in osmotic pressure, coupled with destabilizing interactions between cationic surfaces of IONs and the endosomal membrane ultimately leads to the lysis of endosomal vesicles. (Created with BioRender.com).
