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Schematic illustration of the translocation mechanism. Nanoparticles (IONS coated with cationic molecules) are endocytosed by the cell and internalized inside endosomes. The positive charge of the coated nanoparticles generates a flip-flop of the endosome’s cytosolic anionic lipids, which induces the generation of pores through which the nanoparticles can cross the endosomal membrane to reach the cytosol. (Created with BioRender.com).
