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Schematic illustration of the membrane fusion mechanism of fusogenic lipids or amphiphilic molecules (FLAM)-ION complexes. The nanoparticles are encapsulated within a FLAM envelope for subsequent internalization by endocytosis. Within the endosome, the FLAM phospholipids protonate, thereby inducing the fusion of this envelope with the Zwitterionic luminal lipids of the endosomal vesicles. This process ultimately leads to endosomal escape. (Created with BioRender.com).
