Table 1.
The incidence (per 1000) of oral potentially malignant disorders by demographic features, status of metabolic syndrome and other associated risk factors
| N | Person-years | OPMD | OSF | Leukoplakia | Verrucous hyperplasia | Erythroplakia+ erythroleukoplakia |
||||||
| No | ‰ | No | ‰ | No | ‰ | No | ‰ | No | ‰ | |||
| Overall | 17 590 | 116 732.06 | 716 | 6.13 | 149 | 1.28 | 521 | 4.46 | 20 | 0.17 | 26 | 0.22 |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5789 | 38 416.38 | 295 | 7.68 | 58 | 1.51 | 219 | 5.7 | 7 | 0.18 | 11 | 0.29 |
| No | 11 801 | 78 315.68 | 421 | 5.38 | 91 | 1.16 | 302 | 3.86 | 13 | 0.17 | 15 | 0.19 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 30–39 | 1178 | 8296.07 | 47 | 5.67 | 13 | 1.57 | 28 | 3.38 | 1 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.6 |
| 40–49 | 4359 | 29 193.98 | 210 | 7.19 | 42 | 1.44 | 154 | 5.28 | 8 | 0.27 | 6 | 0.21 |
| 50–59 | 5538 | 35 137.59 | 267 | 7.6 | 48 | 1.37 | 205 | 5.83 | 6 | 0.17 | 8 | 0.23 |
| 60–69 | 4176 | 27 778.33 | 160 | 5.76 | 37 | 1.33 | 115 | 4.14 | 4 | 0.14 | 4 | 0.14 |
| 70+ | 2339 | 16 326.09 | 32 | 1.96 | 9 | 0.55 | 19 | 1.16 | 1 | 0.06 | 3 | 0.18 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 15 619 | 104 569.65 | 703 | 6.72 | 146 | 1.4 | 511 | 4.89 | 20 | 0.19 | 26 | 0.25 |
| Female | 1971 | 12 162.41 | 13 | 1.07 | 3 | 0.25 | 10 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| University | 2140 | 13 691.15 | 53 | 3.87 | 4 | 0.29 | 47 | 3.43 | 1 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 |
| Senior high school | 4173 | 26 814.93 | 174 | 6.49 | 39 | 1.45 | 126 | 4.7 | 3 | 0.11 | 6 | 0.22 |
| Junior high school or lower | 11 228 | 75 877.21 | 487 | 6.42 | 106 | 1.4 | 347 | 4.57 | 16 | 0.21 | 18 | 0.24 |
| Betel quid chewing | ||||||||||||
| Never | 11 925 | 79 006.46 | 256 | 3.24 | 38 | 0.48 | 203 | 2.57 | 10 | 0.13 | 5 | 0.06 |
| Quit* | 3544 | 23 719.97 | 236 | 9.95 | 62 | 2.61 | 162 | 6.83 | 6 | 0.25 | 6 | 0.25 |
| Current | 2110 | 13 920.02 | 224 | 16.09 | 49 | 3.52 | 156 | 11.21 | 4 | 0.29 | 15 | 1.08 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 6976 | 46 286.91 | 101 | 2.18 | 21 | 0.45 | 75 | 1.62 | 1 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.09 |
| Quit* | 3656 | 24 678.95 | 126 | 5.11 | 36 | 1.46 | 82 | 3.32 | 3 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.2 |
| Current | 6947 | 45 680.37 | 489 | 10.7 | 92 | 2.01 | 364 | 7.97 | 16 | 0.35 | 17 | 0.37 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 8041 | 53 484.46 | 212 | 3.96 | 48 | 0.9 | 155 | 2.9 | 4 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.09 |
| Quit* | 1009 | 6798.76 | 58 | 8.53 | 10 | 1.47 | 44 | 6.47 | 2 | 0.29 | 2 | 0.29 |
| Current | 8529 | 56 365.96 | 446 | 7.91 | 91 | 1.61 | 322 | 5.71 | 14 | 0.25 | 19 | 0.34 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 422 | 2852.29 | 9 | 3.16 | 5 | 1.75 | 3 | 1.05 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 8844 | 58 824.11 | 313 | 5.32 | 66 | 1.12 | 221 | 3.76 | 13 | 0.22 | 13 | 0.22 |
| >25 | 8324 | 55 055.66 | 394 | 7.16 | 78 | 1.42 | 297 | 5.39 | 7 | 0.13 | 12 | 0.22 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| <150 | 12 178 | 81 399.38 | 405 | 4.98 | 87 | 1.07 | 289 | 3.55 | 14 | 0.17 | 15 | 0.18 |
| ≥150 | 5412 | 35 332.68 | 311 | 8.8 | 62 | 1.75 | 232 | 6.57 | 6 | 0.17 | 11 | 0.31 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) † | ||||||||||||
| Abnormal | 5684 | 37 372.54 | 268 | 7.17 | 50 | 1.34 | 204 | 5.46 | 5 | 0.13 | 9 | 0.24 |
| Normal | 11 781 | 78 407.84 | 441 | 5.62 | 98 | 1.25 | 312 | 3.98 | 14 | 0.18 | 17 | 0.22 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg)‡ | ||||||||||||
| Normal | 10 869 | 71 713.89 | 440 | 6.14 | 94 | 1.31 | 321 | 4.48 | 12 | 0.17 | 13 | 0.18 |
| Elevated risk | 2858 | 19 152.31 | 127 | 6.63 | 23 | 1.2 | 91 | 4.75 | 7 | 0.37 | 6 | 0.31 |
| Hypertension | 3863 | 25 865.86 | 149 | 5.76 | 32 | 1.24 | 109 | 4.21 | 1 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.27 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| <100 | 11 974 | 78 755.06 | 454 | 5.76 | 90 | 1.14 | 332 | 4.22 | 13 | 0.17 | 19 | 0.24 |
| 100–125 | 3907 | 26 462.49 | 165 | 6.24 | 37 | 1.4 | 120 | 4.53 | 5 | 0.19 | 3 | 0.11 |
| >125 | 1709 | 11 514.51 | 97 | 8.42 | 22 | 1.91 | 69 | 5.99 | 2 | 0.17 | 4 | 0.35 |
| Meat | ||||||||||||
| Seldom | 4820 | 31 984.38 | 171 | 5.35 | 38 | 1.19 | 127 | 3.97 | 3 | 0.09 | 3 | 0.09 |
| Infrequent | 11 904 | 78 845.33 | 488 | 6.19 | 94 | 1.19 | 360 | 4.57 | 13 | 0.16 | 21 | 0.27 |
| Frequent | 829 | 5625.25 | 56 | 9.96 | 17 | 3.02 | 33 | 5.87 | 4 | 0.71 | 2 | 0.36 |
| Vegetable | ||||||||||||
| Seldom | 3679 | 24 216.53 | 172 | 7.1 | 42 | 1.73 | 124 | 5.12 | 1 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.21 |
| Infrequent | 13 469 | 89 529.87 | 527 | 5.89 | 105 | 1.17 | 384 | 4.29 | 19 | 0.21 | 19 | 0.21 |
| Frequent | 308 | 2045.5 | 6 | 2.93 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2.93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fruit | ||||||||||||
| Seldom | 1608 | 10 685.41 | 102 | 9.55 | 20 | 1.87 | 75 | 7.02 | 2 | 0.19 | 5 | 0.47 |
| Infrequent | 7190 | 47 575.85 | 333 | 7 | 74 | 1.56 | 233 | 4.9 | 10 | 0.21 | 16 | 0.34 |
| Frequent | 8773 | 58 318.08 | 280 | 4.8 | 55 | 0.94 | 212 | 3.64 | 8 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.09 |
*Quit: quit betel quid chewing, quit smoking or quit alcohol drinking defined as those who once participated in these oral habits but no longer participate in these habit on the day of interview.
†HDL-C: abnormal defined as (male with 0<HDL<40) or (female with 0<HDL<50). Normal defined as (male with 40≤HDL) or (female with 50≤HDL).
‡Hypertension: normal defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) <130 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <85. Elevated risk defined as 130≤SBP<140 or 85≤DBP<90. Hypertension defined as SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90.
BMI, body mas index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OPMD, oral potentially malignant disorder; OSF, oral submucosa fibrosis.