Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics, healthcare cost, health- and renal-related quality of life (N = 160).
| Variables | Total Sample | Healthcare Cost * | HRQOL | KDQOL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Mean ± SD | p ** | Mean ± SD | p ** | Mean ± SD | p ** | |
| Characteristics | |||||||
| Age, year | 0.059 | 0.030 | 0.001 | ||||
| 19–59 | 113 (70.6) | 9.6 ± 1.6 | 47.5 ± 21.1 | 53.4 ± 13.1 | |||
| 60–83 | 47 (29.4) | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 39.2 ± 22.9 | 46.3 ± 11.4 | |||
| Gender | 0.732 | 0.491 | 0.847 | ||||
| Women | 60 (37.5) | 9.4 ± 1.7 | 46.6 ± 22.8 | 51.5 ± 12.3 | |||
| Men | 100 (62.5) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 44.1 ± 21.4 | 51.1 ± 13.5 | |||
| Marital status | 0.371 | 0.532 | 0.127 | ||||
| Never married | 25 (15.6) | 9.7 ± 1.7 | 47.6 ± 17.0 | 54.9 ± 10.6 | |||
| Ever married | 135 (84.4) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 44.6 ± 22.7 | 50.6 ± 13.3 | |||
| Education | 0.416 | 0.130 | 0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate or elementary | 54 (33.8) | 9.2 ± 1.7 | 40.2 ± 22.4 | 45.8 ± 11.0 | |||
| Junior high school | 52 (32.6) | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 47.7 ± 21.4 | 52.9 ± 12.6 | |||
| Senior high school or above | 54 (33.8) | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 47.4 ± 21.4 | 55.3 ± 13.6 | |||
| Residence area | 0.740 | 0.029 | 0.034 | ||||
| Rural | 109 (68.1) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 42.5 ± 21.6 | 49.8 ± 12.4 | |||
| Urban | 51 (31.9) | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 50.6 ± 21.7 | 54.5 ± 13.7 | |||
| Occupation | 0.376 | 0.238 | 0.023 | ||||
| No job | 120 (75.0) | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 43.9 ± 21.1 | 49.9 ± 12.5 | |||
| Having job | 40 (25.0) | 9.6 ± 1.4 | 48.6 ± 24 | 55.3 ± 13.9 | |||
| Income *** | 0.335 | 0.466 | 0.805 | ||||
| Below poverty line | 119 (74.4) | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 45.8 ± 20.6 | 51.4 ± 12.3 | |||
| Above poverty line | 41 (25.6) | 9.6 ± 1.9 | 42.9 ± 25.5 | 50.8 ± 14.9 | |||
| Clinical parameters | |||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.954 | 0.250 | 0.163 | ||||
| BMI < 24.0 | 145 (90.6) | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 44.4 ± 21.6 | 50.8 ± 13.0 | |||
| BMI ≥ 24.0 | 15 (9.4) | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 51.3 ± 24.3 | 55.8 ± 12.2 | |||
| WC ****, cm | 0.253 | 0.136 | 0.103 | ||||
| Normal | 121 (75.6) | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 43.6 ± 21.5 | 50.3 ± 13.8 | |||
| Obese | 39 (24.4) | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 49.6 ± 22.9 | 54.2 ± 9.6 | |||
| HD vintage, year | 0.009 | 0.652 | 0.919 | ||||
| <5 | 64 (40) | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 46.0 ± 22.8 | 51.2 ± 12.7 | |||
| ≥5 | 96 (60) | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 44.4 ± 21.4 | 51.4 ± 13.3 | |||
| Comorbidity | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| None | 116 (72.5) | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 49.4 ± 20.5 | 53.2 ± 12.8 | |||
| One or more | 44 (27.5) | 10.1 ± 1.6 | 33.5 ± 21.4 | 46.1 ± 12.3 | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 0.420 | 0.145 | 0.177 | ||||
| SBP < 140 | 14 (8.8) | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 36.9 ± 19.9 | 46.8 ± 13.8 | |||
| SBP ≥ 140 | 146 (91.3) | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 45.8 ± 22.0 | 51.7 ± 12.9 | |||
| DBP, mmHg | 0.357 | 0.937 | 0.560 | ||||
| DBP < 90 | 55 (34.4) | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 44.9 ± 20.8 | 50.5 ± 12.3 | |||
| DBP ≥ 90 | 105 (65.6) | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 45.2 ± 22.6 | 51.7 ± 13.4 | |||
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| Hgb, g/dL | 0.366 | 0.097 | 0.035 | ||||
| Hgb ≥ 11.0 | 26 (16.3) | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 38.5 ± 22.7 | 46.4 ± 13.1 | |||
| Hgb < 11.0 | 134 (83.8) | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 46.3 ± 21.6 | 52.2 ± 12.8 | |||
| Alb, mg/dL | 0.028 | 0.002 | 0.011 | ||||
| Alb ≥ 3.5 | 117 (73.1) | 9.2 ± 1.4 | 48.2 ± 21.9 | 52.9 ± 12.7 | |||
| Alb < 3.5 | 43 (26.9) | 9.9 ± 1.8 | 36.4 ± 19.8 | 47.0 ± 12.9 | |||
| Cre, mg/dL | 0.804 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Cre ≥ 7.5 | 135 (84.4) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 47.9 ± 21.1 | 52.9 ± 12.6 | |||
| Cre < 7.5 | 25 (15.6) | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 29.7 ± 20.1 | 42.4 ± 11.7 | |||
| Pre-BUN, mg/dL | 0.640 | 0.083 | 0.147 | ||||
| Pre-BUN < 20.0 | 32 (20.0) | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 39.1 ± 22.1 | 48.3 ± 13.1 | |||
| Pre-BUN ≥ 20.0 | 128 (80.0) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 46.6 ± 21.7 | 52.0 ± 12.9 | |||
| RBC, 106/μL | 0.942 | 0.796 | 0.467 | ||||
| RBC ≥ 4.2 | 3 (1.9) | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 41.8 ± 12.2 | 45.9 ± 6.1 | |||
| RBC < 4.2 | 157 (98.1) | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 45.1 ± 22.1 | 51.4 ± 13.1 | |||
| Hct, % | 0.437 | 0.921 | 0.704 | ||||
| Hct ≥ 40.0 | 3 (1.9) | 8.7 ± 1.0 | 43.8 ± 9.3 | 48.4 ± 1.6 | |||
| Hct < 40.0 | 157 (98.1) | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 45.1 ± 22.1 | 51.3 ± 13.1 | |||
| WBC, 103/µL | 0.325 | 0.422 | 0.336 | ||||
| WBC < 11.0 | 157 (98.1) | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 45.3 ± 21.9 | 51.4 ± 13.0 | |||
| WBC ≥ 11.0 | 3 (1.9) | 10.3 ± 2.2 | 35.0 ± 21.5 | 44.1 ± 9.7 | |||
| TP, g/dL | 0.088 | 0.622 | 0.281 | ||||
| TP ≥ 6.0 | 151 (94.4) | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 44.8 ± 22.0 | 51.6 ± 13.0 | |||
| TP < 6.0 | 9 (5.6) | 10.3 ± 2.0 | 48.6 ± 20.7 | 46.7 ± 12.2 | |||
| Healthcare cost *, mean ± SD | 9.4 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| HRQOL, Mean ± SD | 45.1 ± 21.9 | ||||||
| KDQOL, Mean ± SD | 51.3 ± 13.0 | ||||||
Abbreviations: HRQOL, health-related quality of life; KDQOL, kidney disease quality of life; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HD, hemodialysis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hgb, hemoglobin; Alb, albumin; Cre, creatinine; pre-BUN, pre-dialysis blood urea nitrogen; RBC, red blood cells; Hct, hematocrit; WBC, white blood cells; TP, total protein. *: The total healthcare cost was measure in millions of VND (USD 1 = VND 23,000 according to Vietcombank—the state bank of Vietnam). **: Result of ANOVA test. ***: Monthly income was classified into below the poverty line (<VND 1.0 million/month for rural areas, <VND 1.3 million/month for urban areas), and above the poverty line (≥VND 1.0 million/month for rural areas, ≥VND 1.3 million/month for urban areas). ****: Abdominal obesity was defined as WC ≥ 90 for men or ≥80 for women, respectively.