Table 2.
Patient series for total, active and nuclear β-catenin staining.
| Total n = 56 | Non-smoker controls | Smoker controls | COPD stage 1 | COPD stage 2 | COPD stage 3–4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects, n (Female/Male) | 7 (3/4) | 14 (6/8) | 12 (6/6) | 12 (4/8) | 11 (8/3) | ns |
| Age | 60 ± 8 | 64 ± 9 | 65 ± 7 | 68 ± 10 | 60 ± 4 | ns |
| BMI (kg.m − 2) | 24 ± 3 | 27 ± 5 | 26 ± 6 | 27 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | ns |
| Smoking history (never /former /current /missing) | 11/0/0/0 | 0/4/9/1 | 0/4/8/0 | 0/6/6/0 | 0/11/0 /0 | p<0•01 |
| Pack-years | 0 ± 0 | 48 ± 17* | 57 ± 25* | 46 ± 23* | 43 ± 14* | p<0•0001 |
| FEV1 pre-bronchodilation (% of PV) | 108 ± 11 | 91 ± 16* | 88 ± 9* | 65 ± 9*,#,¶ | 19 ± 5*,#,¶,$ | p<0•0001 |
| FEV1 post-bronchodilation (% of PV) (n) | NA (n = 0) | 70 ± 4 (n = 2) | 92 ± 10 (n = 10) | 67 ± 9 (n = 11) | 21 ± 7# (n = 11) | p<0•0001 |
| FEV1 absolute increase after bronchodilation, ml (n) | NA (n = 0) | 100 ± 0 (n = 2) | 77 ± 89# (n = 10) | 70 ± 76¶ (n = 11) | 22 ± 32#,¶,$ (n = 11) | p<0•05 |
| FVC pre-bronchodilation (% of PV) | 112 ± 21 | 95 ± 15 | 105 ± 12 | 86 ± 13*,¶ | 55 ± 13*,#,¶,$ | p<0•0001 |
| FVC post-bronchodilation (% of PV) (n) | NA (n = 0) | 80 ± 3 (n = 2) | 110 ± 12 (n = 10) | 90 ± 15¶ (n = 11) | 58 ± 15¶,$ (n = 11) | p<0•0001 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio pre-bronchodilation (%) | 79 ± 6 | 78 ± 6 | 65 ± 4*,# | 60 ± 8*,# | 31 ± 7*,#,¶,$ | p<0•0001 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio post-bronchodilation (%) | NA (n = 0) | 83 ± 15 (n = 2) | 65 ± 3# (n = 10) | 59 ± 9# (n = 11) | 32 ± 7#,¶,$ (n = 11) | p<0•0001 |
| DLCO (% of PV) | 107 ± 14 | 75 ± 18* | 69 ± 19* | 57 ± 20* | 28 ± 14*,#,¶,$ | p<0•0001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, n | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 11 | p<0•0001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids mean dosage, µg (BDP equivalent) | NA | NA | 967 ± 896 | 967 ± 896 | 1445 ± 787 | NA |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, device (metered-dose inhalers / dry powder inhalers) | NA | NA | 0/3 | 0/3 | 1/10 | ns |
Radiological findings Bronchiectasis Emphysema
|
1/7 0/7 |
0/14 5/14 4 1 |
1/12 7/12 4 3 |
2/12 5/12 1 3 1 |
1/11 11/11 1 2 8 |
|
Surgical indication Cancer
|
7/7 4 2 1 0/7 |
14/14 9 3 2 0/14 |
12/12 9 3 0/9 |
12/12 8 2 1 1 0/12 |
0/11 11/11 11 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated. Demographic data, lung function tests, smoking history, and inhaled corticotherapy as well as radiological findings and surgery indication are stated for the patient groups, classified according to smoking history and the presence of airflow limitation. Patients with other lung diseases (e.g., asthma) were excluded from the study. N is specified when data are missing.
BDP, beclomethasone dipropionate; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for CO; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; NA, non applicable; PV, predicted values.
= p<0•05 compared to non-smoker controls.
= p<0•05 compared to smoker controls.
= p<0•05 compared to COPD stage 1 patients.
= p<0•05 compared to COPD stage 2 patients
ns, not significant.