Table 1.

Examples of inducers and effectors of cell proliferation and apoptosis [43,48,49].

	Inducers	Effectors
Cell Proliferation	mitogens (growth factors—EGF, BDNF), survival factors (Bcl-2), steroids (testosterone)	cyclin-dependent kinases
Apoptosis	DNA damage, lack of nutrients, toxins, growth factors (TGF)	caspases, Ca2+ -dependent proteases (calpain)