Figure 2.
Outer surface morphology of PVDF membranes with and without PVP as well as without and with ZnO nanoparticles. (a) 0% PVP, 0% NP; (b) 1% PVP, 0% NP; (c) 0% PVP, 50% NP; (d) 1% PVP, 50% NP; magnification 50,000×.
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