Table 3.
Zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels in Kenya: number of studies identified in this review and host species in which it was identified.
| Pathogen or Disease | Number of Studies | Host or Vector of the Pathogen Identified | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quality Score | |||||||
| Camel | Tick † | Human ‡ | Good | Medium | Poor | ||
| Viruses | |||||||
| MERS-CoV | 4 | X | X | [32,33] | [34,35] | ||
| Rift Valley fever virus | 4 | X | [36,37] | [38,39] | |||
| Camelpox | 4 | X | [40,41] | [42,43] | |||
| Crimea-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus | 2 | X | X | [44,45] | |||
| Contagious ecthyma | 2 | X | [46,47] | ||||
| Dugbe virus | 1 | X | [48] | ||||
| Dhori virus | 1 | X | [48] | ||||
| Influenza viruses (ICV and IDV) | 1 | X | [49] | ||||
| Bacteria | |||||||
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | 3 | X | [50,51] | [52] | |||
| Dermatophilus congolensis | 5 | X | [53] | [54,55,56,57] | |||
| Brucella spp. | 7 | X | [58] | [59] | [12,60,61,62,63] | ||
| Mycobacterium spp. | 1 | X | [60] | ||||
| Rickettsia spp. | 1 | X | [64] | ||||
| Parasites and Fungi | |||||||
| Trypanosoma spp. | 28 | X | [65,66,67,68,69] | [10,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] | [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92] | ||
| Echinococcus spp. | 10 | X | X | [93] | [94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102] | ||
| Trichophyton verrucosum | 1 | X | [53] | ||||
† Ticks removed from Dromedary camel hosts only. ‡ Evidence of transmission from camels to human, or of a camel-specific strain of pathogen in human hosts.