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. 2020 Aug 5;7(3):103. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7030103

Table 4.

Prevalence values reported in disease surveillance studies categorised as good or medium quality, based on criteria set out in Alonso et al. 2016 [24].

Type Pathogen Species Dates Sampled Test Used Number Tested County or Region Prevalence % (95% CI) Quality Reference
Virus Middle Eastern respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Camel 1992–2013 Recombinant MERS-CoV spike protein subunit 1-based ELISA (rELISA) described by Memish et al., 2014 [109] 162 North-eastern region 56.2 Medium [34]
154 Eastern region 17–100
458 Rift Valley region 0–18
Camels 2013 Spike protein subunit 1 protein microarray [110,111] 335 Laikipia county 46.9 Medium [35]
Camels 2013 AntiMERS-CoV Camel IgG ELISA kit (EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany) 879 Marsabit county 90 (95% CI 88–92) Good [33]
Humans AntiMERS-CoV Camel IgG ELISA kit (EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany) followed by plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) [112] 760 Marsabit county 0
Humans 2013–2014 rELISA (EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany) followed by PRNT [112] 559 Garissa county 0 Good [32]
563 Tana River county 0.36
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus Camels 1986–1987 Agar gel diffusion (AGD) test [113] 499 Not specified 26 Medium [45]
Contagious ecthyma Camels Not specified Clinical examination and electron microscopy 600 Turkana 11.2 Medium [46]
Rift Valley fever virus Camels 2006–2007 (epidemic period) In-house IgG ELISA [114] 110 Not specified 20.9 Medium [36]
Camels 2000 (pre-epidemic period) In-house inhibition ELISA [115] 15 Galana county 6.7 Medium [37]
13 Garissa county 7.7
2007 (epidemic period) 28 Isiolo county 57.1
Camelpox Camels 1992 Clinical examination, electron microscopy, virus neutralisation 1000 Samburu county 27 Medium [40]
1200 Turkana county 6
Influenza D virus (IDV) Camels 2015 Hemagglutination inhibition (HI), post-ICV hemadsorption 293 Not specified 8.2 Medium [49]
Influenza C virus (ICV) Camels 2015 HI, post-IDV hemadsorption 293 Not specified 10.6 Medium [49]
Bacteria Brucella spp. Camels Not specified Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) 174 Warir, Garissa and Mandera counties 4.6 Medium [59]
Serum agglutination test (SAT) 10.34
Complement fixation test (CFT) 9.77
Camels 2013 Brucella-Ab C-ELISA kit (SVANOVIR, Uppsala, Sweden) 1605 Marsabit county 11.1 (95% CI 9.4–15.0) Good [108]
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Camels 2011 ELISA CHEKIT Q fever test kit (IDEXX, Westbrook, ME, USA 72 Laikipia county Adults
(3–9 years) 46
Young
(<6 m)
5
Medium [50]
Camels 2013 ELISA CHEKIT Q fever test kit (IDEXX, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands) 334 Laikipia county 19 Medium [51]
Dermatophilus congolensis Camels 1993 Clinical examination and bacterial isolation 3200 Samburu county Wet season, 20.9
Dry season, 13.6
Medium [53]
600 Laikipia county Wet season, 22.7
Dry season, 14.3
Parasites Echinococcus spp. Camels 1998–2000 Post-mortem examinations 70 Turkana county 60.1 Medium [102]
Camels 2013 Post-mortem examination and RFLP-PCR [98] 219 Meru and Isiolo counties 6.94 Medium [98]
Trypanosoma spp. Camels 1996–1997 Haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT)
Mouse inoculation test (MIT)
Suratex® latex agglutination test (Brentec Diagnostics, Nairobi, Kenya) [71]
103 Athi River (Machakos county) 2.9 (95% CI 0–6.2) Medium [73]
749 Isiolo county 25.4 (95% CI 22.3–28.5)
86 Mugwoni (Laikipia county) 18.6 (95% CI 10.4–26.8)
Camels Not specified Phase contrast buffy coat technique (BCT)
MIT
347 Kajiado county 33.8 Medium [10]

95% confidence intervals (95% CI) only reproduced here if reported in the original study.