Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population and prevalence of smoke and smokeless tobacco use among Indian men by socio-demographic characteristics, India 2015–2016a
| Factors | Smoking | Smokeless | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%)b | n (%)b | p value % (95% CI) | n (%)b | p value % (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 112,122 (100) | 27,563 (100) | 24.6 (24.1–25.1) | 32,621 (100) | 29.1 (28.6–29.6) |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Age of the respondents | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| 15–24 | 35,364 (31.5) | 4570 (16.6) | 12.9 (12.3–13.6) | 6773 (20.8) | 19.2 (18.5–19.8) |
| 25–34 | 30,775 (27.5) | 7742 (28.1) | 25.2 (24.2–26.1) | 10,373 (31.8) | 33.7 (32.8–34.6) |
| 35–44 | 25,821 (23.0) | 7989 (29.0) | 30.9 (30.0–31.9) | 9075 (27.8) | 35.1 (34.2–36.1) |
| 45–54 | 20,162 (18.0) | 7261 (26.3) | 36.0 (35.0–37.1) | 6401 (19.6) | 31.7 (30.8–32.7) |
| Marital status | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Single | 39,763 (35.5) | 5761 (20.9) | 14.5 (13.8–15.2) | 7272 (22.3) | 18.3 (17.6–19.0) |
| Married | 70,781 (63.1) | 21,111 (76.6) | 29.8 (29.2–30.5) | 24,669 (75.6) | 34.9 (34.2–35.5) |
| Separated/divorced/widow | 1578 (1.4) | 690 (2.5) | 43.7 (39.7–47.8) | 681 (2.1) | 43.1 (39.2–47.2) |
| Sociocultural factors | |||||
| Education | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| No education | 14,590 (13.0) | 5922 (21.5) | 40.6 (39.3–41.8) | 6305 (19.3) | 43.2 (41.9–44.6) |
| Primary | 14,091 (12.6) | 5068 (18.4) | 36.0 (34.8–37.2) | 5879 (18.0) | 41.7 (40.4–43.0) |
| Secondary | 64,010 (57.1) | 13,646 (49.5) | 21.3 (20.7–21.9) | 17,798 (54.6) | 27.8 (27.2–28.4) |
| Higher | 19,431 (17.3) | 2928 (10.6) | 15.1 (14.0–16.1) | 2639 (8.1) | 13.6 (12.8–14.3) |
| Occupation | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not working | 24,623 (22.0) | 2941 (10.7) | 11.9 (11.3–12.7) | 3346 (10.3) | 13.6 (13.0–14.2) |
| Professional/technical/managerial/services | 28,191 (25.2) | 6675 (24.3) | 23.7 (22.7–24.7) | 6655 (20.4) | 23.6 (22.7–24.6) |
| Agriculture | 30,202 (27.0) | 8981 (32.6) | 29.7 (28.9–30.6) | 11,278 (34.6) | 37.3 (36.5–38.2) |
| Skilled/unskilled manual | 28 911 (25.8) | 8907 (32.4) | 30.8 (29.8–31.8) | 11,290 (34.7) | 39.0 (37.9–40.2) |
| Ethnicity | p < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Caste | 99,554 (89.6) | 23,909 (87.7) | 24.0 (23.5–24.6) | 28,489 (88.3) | 28.6 (28.1–29.2) |
| Tribe | 7003 (6.3) | 1860 (6.8) | 26.6 (25.1–28.0) | 2,884 (8.9) | 41.2 (39.2–43.1) |
| No caste/tribe | 4595 (4.1) | 1490 (5.5) | 32.4 (29.6–35.3) | 905 (2.8) | 19.7 (17.4–22.1) |
| Consuming alcohol | p < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| No | 79036(70.5) | 12281 (44.6) | 15.5 (15.1–16.0) | 18,597 (57.0) | 23.5 (23.0–24.1) |
| Yes | 33086(29.5) | 15282 (55.4) | 46.2 (45.1–47.2) | 14,023 (43.0) | 42.4 (41.4–43.4) |
| Religion | p < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Hindu | 91,390 (81.5) | 22,278 (80.8) | 24.4 (23.8–24.9) | 27,428 (84.1) | 30.0 (29.4–30.6) |
| Muslim | 14,790 (13.2) | 4083 (14.8) | 27.6 (26.1–29.2) | 4018(12.3) | 27.2 (25.6–28.8) |
| Others | 5942(5.3) | 1202 (4.4) | 20.2 (18.6–21.9) | 1175(3.6) | 19.8 (18.2–21.4) |
| Household’s wealth index | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 16,441 (14.7) | 5104 (18.5) | 31.0 (30.0–32.1) | 8045 (24.7) | 48.9 (47.7–50.1) |
| Poorer | 20,904 (18.6) | 5992 (21.7) | 28.7 (27.6–29.7) | 7986 (24.5) | 38.2 (37.2–39.2) |
| Middle | 23,687 (21.1) | 6011 (21.8) | 25.4 (24.5–26.2) | 6857 (21.0) | 29.0 (28.0–29.9) |
| Richer | 24,976 (22.3) | 5669 (20.6) | 22.7 (21.7–23.7) | 5692 (17.4) | 22.8 (21.9–23.7) |
| Richest | 26,114 (23.3) | 4787 (17.4) | 18.3 (17.1–19.6) | 4039 (12.4) | 15.5 (14.5–16.5) |
| Spatial factors | |||||
| Place of residence | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 69,170 (61.7) | 17,688 (64.1) | 25.6 (25.0–26.1) | 22,674 (69.5) | 32.8 (32.2–33.3) |
| Urban | 42,952 (38.3) | 9875 (35.9) | 23.0 (22.0–24.0) | 9947(30.5) | 23.2 (22.1–24.2) |
| Region | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| South | 26,759 (23.9) | 6708 (24.3) | 25.1 (23.9–26.3) | 2444 (7.5) | 9.1 (8.5–9.8) |
| West | 20,590 (18.3) | 2709 (9.8) | 13.2 (12.0–14.4) | 7340 (22.5) | 35.6 (33.9–37.4) |
| North-east | 3693 (3.3) | 1444 (5.2) | 39.1 (37.3–40.9) | 1729 (5.3) | 46.8 (44.9–48.7) |
| East | 21,051 (18.8) | 5943 (21.6) | 28.2 (26.9–29.6) | 8166 (25.0) | 8.8 (37.3–40.3) |
| Central | 24,117 (21.5) | 6434 (23.4) | 26.7 (26.0–27.4) | 10,341 (31.7) | 42.9 (42.0–43.8) |
| North | 15,912 (14.2) | 4324 (15.7) | 27.2 (26.3–28.1) | 2600 (8.0) | 16.3 (15.5–17.2) |
| Access to information | |||||
| Reading newspaper or magazine | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 35,378 (31.6) | 11,591 (42.1) | 32.8 (31.9–33.6) | 14085 (43.2) | 39.8 (38.9–40.7) |
| Less than once a week | 16,370 (14.6) | 3852 (14.0) | 23.5 (22.5–24.6) | 5424 (16.6) | 33.1 (31.9–34.3) |
| At least once a week | 22,906 (20.4) | 5026 (18.2) | 21.9 (21.1–22.8) | 6132 (18.8) | 26.8 (25.9–27.7) |
| Almost every day | 37,468 (33.4) | 7093 (25.7) | 18.9 (18.0–19.9) | 6980 (21.4) | 18.6 (17.9–19.4) |
| Frequency of watching television | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 15,112 (13.5) | 4289 (15.6) | 28.4 (27.4–29.4) | 6519 (20.0) | 43.1 (41.9–44.3) |
| Less than once a week | 10,419 (9.3) | 2922 (10.6) | 28.0 (26.9–29.2) | 4400 (13.5) | 42.2 (40.8–43.7) |
| At least once a week | 16,911 (15.1) | 4543 (16.5) | 26.9 (25.8–27.9) | 5836 (17.9) | 34.5 (33.3–35.7) |
| Almost every day | 69,680 (62.1) | 15,808 (57.3) | 22.7 (22.0–23.3) | 15,866 (48.6) | 22.8 (22.2–23.4) |
| Frequency of listening radio | P = 0.006 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 78,919 (70.4) | 19,143 (69.5) | 24.3 (23.7–24.8) | 24,048 (73.7) | 30.5 (29.8–31.1) |
| Less than once a week | 9947 (8.9) | 2668 (9.7) | 26.8 (25.4–28.3) | 3197 (9.8) | 32.1 (30.6–33.7) |
| At least once a week | 14,922 (13.3) | 3782 (13.7) | 25.3(23.9–26.8) | 3696 (11.3) | 24.8 (23.4–26.1) |
| Almost every day | 8334 (7.4) | 1969 (7.1) | 23.6(22.1–25.2) | 1679 (5.1) | 20.1 (18.7–21.6) |
aData are from the fourth Indian National Family Health Survey. Frequency and prevalence with 95% CIs in parentheses are shown. All data are weighted to account for survey design. P value was calculated through the chi-square test
bColumn percentages