Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population and prevalence of any tobacco and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use among Indian men by socio-demographic characteristics, India 2015–2016a
| Factors | Any tobacco | Both smoked and smokeless | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%)b | n (%)b | p value % (95% CI) | n (%)b | p value % (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 112,122 (100) | 51,039 (100) | 45.5 (44.9–46.1) | 9398 (100) | 8.4 (8.1–8.7) |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Age of the respondents | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| 15–24 | 35,364 (31.5) | 9656 (18.9) | 27.3 (26.5–28.1) | 1731 (18.4) | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) |
| 25–34 | 30,775 (27.5) | 15,269 (29.9) | 49.6 (48.6–50.7) | 2922 (31.1) | 9.5 (9.0–10.0) |
| 35–44 | 25,821 (23.0) | 14,486 (28.4) | 56.1 (55.1–57.1) | 2653 (28.2) | 10.3 (9.8–10.8) |
| 45–54 | 20,162 (18.0) | 11,628 (22.8) | 57.7 (56.6–58.8) | 2092 (22.3) | 10.4 (9.8–11.0) |
| Marital status | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Single | 39,763 (35.5) | 11,092 (21.7) | 27.9 (27.1–28.7) | 1993 (21.2) | 5.0 (4.7–5.4) |
| Married | 70781 (63.1) | 38,843 (76.1) | 54.9 (54.2–55.6) | 7134 (75.9) | 10.1 (9.7–10.4) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1578 (1.4) | 1104 (2.2) | 70.0 (66.2–73.5) | 272 (2.9) | 17.2 (14.5–20.1) |
| Sociocultural factors | |||||
| Education | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| No education | 14,590 (13.0) | 9985 (19.6) | 68.4 (67.2–69.7) | 2275 (24.2) | 15.6 (14.7–16.5) |
| Primary | 14,091 (12.6) | 9145 (17.9) | 64.9 (63.7–66.1) | 1861 (19.8) | 13.2 (12.5–14.0) |
| Secondary | 64,010 (57.1) | 26,934 (52.8) | 42.1 (41.4–42.7) | 4651 (49.5) | 7.3 (7.0–7.6) |
| Higher | 19,431 (17.3) | 4975 (9.7) | 25.6 (24.4–26.8) | 611 (6.5) | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) |
| Occupation | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not working | 24,623 (22.0) | 5449 (10.7) | 22.1 (21.3–23.0) | 881 (9.4) | 3.6 (3.3–3.9) |
| Professional/technical/managerial/services | 28,191 (25.2) | 11,454 (22.5) | 40.6 (39.5–41.8) | 1910 (20.4) | 6.8 (6.3–7.3) |
| Agriculture | 30,202 (27.0) | 17,144 (33.6) | 56.8 (55.9–57.6) | 3208 (34.1) | 10.6 (10.1–11.1) |
| Skilled/unskilled manual | 28,911 (25.8) | 16,895 (33.2) | 58.4 (57.4–59.5) | 3384 (36.1) | 11.7 (11.1–12.3) |
| Ethnicity | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Caste | 99,554 (89.6) | 44,383 (87.9) | 44.6 (44.0–45.2) | 8198 (88.3) | 8.2 (8.0–8.5) |
| Tribe | 7003 (6.3) | 4010 (7.9) | 57.3 (55.4–59.1) | 795 (8.6) | 11.4 (10.4–12.3) |
| No caste/tribe | 4595 (4.1) | 2116 (4.2) | 46.0 (43.2–48.9) | 287 (3.1) | 6.2 (5.1–7.5) |
| Consuming alcohol | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| No | 79,036 (70.5) | 27,582 (54.0) | 34.9 (34.3–35.5) | 3433 (36.5) | 4.3 (4.1–4.6) |
| Yes | 33,086 (29.5) | 23,457 (46.0) | 70.9 (69.9–71.9) | 5965 (63.5) | 18.0 (17.4–18.7) |
| Religion | P < 0.001 | P = 0.075 | |||
| Hindu | 91,390 (81.5) | 42,115 (82.5) | 46.1 (45.4–46.7) | 7831 (83.3) | 8.6 (8.3–8.9) |
| Muslim | 14,790 (13.2) | 6903 (13.5) | 46.7 (44.8–48.6) | 1207 (12.9) | 8.2 (7.5–8.9) |
| Others | 5942 (5.3) | 2021 (4.0) | 34.0 (32.2–35.9) | 359 (3.8) | 6.0 (5.3–6.9) |
| Household’s wealth index | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 16,441 (14.7) | 10,552 (20.7) | 64.2 (63.1–65.3) | 2671 (28.4) | 16.2 (15.5–17.0) |
| Poorer | 20,904 (18.6) | 11,693 (22.9) | 55.9 (54.8–57.0) | 2369 (25.2) | 11.3 (10.7–11.9) |
| Middle | 23,687 (21.1) | 11,038 (21.6) | 46.6 (45.6–47.6) | 1883 (20.0) | 8.0 (7.5–8.4) |
| Richer | 24,976 (22.3) | 9923 (19.4) | 39.7 (38.6–40.8) | 1467 (15.6) | 5.9 (5.4–6.3) |
| Spatial factors | |||||
| Place of residence | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 69,170 (61.7) | 34,004 (66.6) | 49.2 (48.6–49.8) | 6579 (70.0) | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) |
| Urban | 42,952 (38.3) | 17,035 (33.4) | 39.7 (38.5–40.8) | 2820 (30.0) | 6.6 (6.1–7.1) |
| Region | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| South | 26,759 (23.9) | 8332 (16.3) | 31.1 (29.9–32.4) | 830 (8.8) | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) |
| West | 20,590 (18.3) | 8997 (17.6) | 43.7 (42.0–45.4) | 1070 (11.4) | 5.2 (4.5–6.0) |
| North-east | 3693 (3.3) | 2431 (4.8) | 65.8 (63.9–67.7) | 755 (8.0) | 20.4 (19.1–21.9) |
| East | 21,051 (18.8) | 11,675 (22.9) | 55.5 (54.0–56.9) | 2462 (26.2) | 11.7 (10.9–12.5) |
| Central | 24,117 (21.5) | 13,546 (26.5) | 56.2 (55.3–57.0) | 3413 (36.3) | 14.2 (13.6–14.7) |
| North | 15,912 (14.2) | 6057 (11.9) | 38.1 (37.1–39.1) | 869 (9.3) | 5.5 (5.0–6.0) |
| Access to information | |||||
| Reading newspaper or magazine | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 35,378 (31.6) | 21,339 (41.8) | 60.3 (59.4–61.2) | 4441 (47.3) | 12.6 (12.0–13.1) |
| Less than once a week | 16,370 (14.6) | 7835 (15.4) | 47.9 (46.5–49.2) | 1497 (15.9) | 9.1 (8.4–9.9) |
| At least once a week | 22,906 (20.4) | 9519 (18.6) | 41.6 (40.5–42.6) | 1687 (17.9) | 7.4 (6.9–7.8) |
| Almost every day | 37,468 (33.4) | 12,346 (24.2) | 33.0 (31.9–34.0) | 1772 (18.9) | 4.7 (4.4–5.1) |
| Frequency of watching television | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 15,112 (13.5) | 8909 (17.4) | 59.0 (57.8–60.1) | 1934 (20.6) | 12.8 (12.1–13.5) |
| Less than once a week | 10,419 (9.3) | 5954 (11.7) | 57.1 (55.7–58.6) | 1396 (14.9) | 13.4 (12.5–14.3) |
| At least once a week | 16,911 (15.1) | 8659 (17.0) | 51.2 (50.0–52.4) | 1781 (18.9) | 10.5 (9.9–11.2) |
| Almost every day | 69,680 (62.1) | 27,518 (53.9) | 39.5 (38.7–40.2) | 4288 (45.6) | 6.2 (5.8–6.5) |
| Frequency of listening radio | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 78,919 (70.4) | 36,832 (72.2) | 46.7 (46.0–47.3) | 6556 (69.8) | 8.3 (8.0–8.6) |
| Less than once a week | 9947 (8.9) | 4816 (9.4) | 48.4 (46.7–50.1) | 1068 (11.4) | 10.7 (9.9–11.7) |
| At least once a week | 14,922 (13.3) | 6287 (12.3) | 42.1 (40.6–43.7) | 1217 (12.9) | 8.2 (7.4–8.9) |
| Almost every day | 8334 (7.4) | 3104 (6.1) | 37.2 (35.4–39.1) | 557 (5.9) | 6.7 (5.9–7.6) |
aData are from the fourth Indian National Family Health Survey. Frequency and prevalence with 95% CIs in parentheses are shown. All data are weighted to account for survey design. P value was calculated through the chi-square test
bColumn percentages