Table 3.

Logistic regression to identify factors associated with smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men, India 2015–2016^a

Factors	Smoking				Smokeless
	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Demographic factors
Age of the respondents
15–24	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
25–34	2.27 (2.11–2.43)	< 0.001	1.50 (1.36–1.65)	< 0.001	2.15 (2.04–2.26)	< 0.001	1.43 (1.33–1.55)	< 0.001
35–44	3.02 (2.82–3.23)	< 0.001	1.87 (1.69–2.06)	< 0.001	2.29 (2.16–2.43)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.23–1.47)	< 0.001
45–54	3.79 (3.55–4.05)	< 0.001	2.46 (2.21–2.74)	< 0.001	1.96 (1.85–2.08)	< 0.001	1.19 (1.08–1.30)	< 0.001
Marital status
Single	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Married	2.51 (2.37–2.66)	< 0.001	1.03 (0.939–1.14)	0.496	2.39 (2.28–2.50)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.33–1.56)	< 0.001
Separated/divorced/widowed	4.59 (3.87–5.43)	< 0.001	1.70 (1.38–2.10)	< 0.001	3.39 (2.86–4.01)	< 0.001	1.60 (1.25–2.05)	< 0.001
Sociocultural factors
Education
No education	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Primary	0.822 (0.766–0.882)	< 0.001	0.929 (0.856–1.01)	0.078	0.941 (0.877-1.01)	0.09	1.03 (0.945–1.12)	0.527
Secondary	0.397 (0.374–0.421)	< 0.001	0.650 (0.597–0.708)	< 0.001	0.506 (0.476-0.538)	< 0.001	0.880 (0.806–0.960)	0.004
Higher	0.260 (0.235–0.287)	< 0.001	0.512 (0.453–0.579)	< 0.001	0.207 (0.190-0.225)	< 0.001	0.530 (0.470–0.599)	< 0.001
Occupation
Not working	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Professional/technical/managerial/services	2.29 (2.10–2.49)	< 0.001	1.38 (1.25-1.52)	< 0.001	1.96 (1.83–2.11)	<0.001	1.62 (1.49-1.76)	< 0.001
Agriculture	3.12 (2.89–3.37)	< 0.001	1.52 (1.39-1.68)	< 0.001	3.79 (3.55–4.04)	< 0.001	1.77 (1.63–1.91)	< 0.001
Skilled/unskilled manual	3.28 (3.02–3.57)	< 0.001	1.55 (1.40–1.72)	< 0.001	4.07 (3.80–4.37)	< 0.001	2.25 (2.07–2.45)	< 0.001
Ethnicity
Caste	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Tribe	1.14 (1.06–1.24)	< 0.001	0.830 (0.758–0.910)	< 0.001	1.75 (1.60–1.90)	< 0.001	0.977 (0.893–1.07)	0.605
No caste/tribe	1.52 (1.33–1.73)	< 0.001	1.42 (1.23–1.64)	< 0.001	0.611 (0.526–0.711)	< 0.001	0.682 (0.561–0.829)	< 0.001
Alcohol consuming
No	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Yes	4.67 (4.42–4.93)	< 0.001	4.33 (4.08–4.60)	< 0.001	2.39 (2.28–2.51)	< 0.001	2.71 (2.56–2.86)	< 0.001
Religion
Hindu	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Muslim	1.18 (1.09–1.29)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.38–1.66)	< 0.001	0.870 (0.799–0.947)	0.001	1.02 (0.930–1.12)	0.649
Others	0.786 (0.707–0.874)	0.342	0.666 (0.589–0.754)	< 0.001	0.575 (0.519–0.637)	< 0.001	0.635 (0.569–0.709)	< 0.001
Household’s wealth index
Poorest	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Poorer	0.892 (0.837–0.952)	< 0.001	1.09 (1.01–1.18)	0.021	0.645 (0.608–0.684)	< 0.001	0.885 (0.826–0.948)	< 0.001
Middle	0.755 (0.709–0.805)	< 0.001	0.999 (0.913–1.09)	0.973	0.425 (0.399–0.453)	< 0.001	0.764 (0.708–0.825)	< 0.001
Richer	0.652 (0.605–0.703)	< 0.001	0.921 (0.832–1.02)	0.111	0.308 (0.287–0.330)	< 0.001	0.631 (0.576–0.692)	< 0.001
Richest	0.499 (0.452–0.550)	< 0.001	0.786 (0.690–0.896)	< 0.001	0.191 (0.175–0.209)	< 0.001	0.437 (0.386–0.495)	< 0.001
Spatial factors
Place of residence
Rural	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Urban	0.869 (0.82–0.93)	< 0.001	1.13 (1.05–1.22)	< 0.001	0.62 (0.578–0.668)	< 0.001	1.04 (0.970–1.18)	0.273
Region
South	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
West	0.453 (0.400–0.513)	< 0.001	0.673 (0.591–0.766)	< 0.001	5.51 (4.94–6.15)	< 0.001	8.40 (7.51–9.40)	< 0.001
North-east	1.92 (1.74–2.12)	< 0.001	1.98 (1.76–2.23)	< 0.001	8.76 (7.84–9.79)	< 0.001	9.38 (8.19–10.7)	< 0.001
East	1.18 (1.07–1.29)	< 0.001	1.26 (1.13–1.41)	< 0.001	6.31 (5.69–6.98)	< 0.001	6.18 (5.50–6.94)	< 0.001
Central	1.09 (1.01–1.17)	0.028	1.38 (1.27–1.50)	< 0.001	7.47 (6.84–8.15)	< 0.001	8.52 (7.74–9.39)	< 0.001
North	1.12 (1.03–1.21)	0.007	1.73 (1.58–1.90)	< 0.001	1.94 (1.76–2.15))	< 0.001	2.62 (2.35–2.92)	< 0.001
Access to information
Reading newspaper or magazine
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	0.632 (0.589–0.677)	< 0.001	0.950 (0.872–1.04)	0.249	0.749 (0.702–0.799)	< 0.001	0.945 (0.874–1.02)	0.155
At least once a week	0.577 (0.543–0.613)	< 0.001	0.946 (0.877–1.02)	0.150	0.553 (0.522–0.585)	< 0.001	0.924 (0.857–0.997)	0.042
Almost every day	0.479 (0.447–0.513)	< 0.001	0.865 (0.794–0.942)	< 0.001	0.346 (0.326–0.368)	< 0.001	0.875 (0.804–0.953)	0.002
Frequency of watching television
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	0.984 (0.912–1.06)	0.666	1.10 (1.01–1.20)	0.032	0.964 (0.895–1.04)	0.33	1.05 (0.962–1.15)	0.272
At least once a week	0.927 (0.863–0.996)	0.039	1.13 (1.03–1.23)	0.007	0.695 (0.649–0.744)	< 0.001	0.982 (0.906–1.06)	0.660
Almost every day	0.740 (0.695–0.788)	< 0.001	1.14 (1.04–1.25)	0.005	0.389 (0.366–0.412)	< 0.001	0.924 (0.854–1.00)	0.052
Frequency of listening radio
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	1.14 (1.06–1.24)	< 0.001	1.16 (1.06–1.26)	0.001	1.08 (1.00–1.17)	0.047	1.06 (0.970–1.16)	0.194
At least once a week	1.06 (0.979–1.15)	0.15	1.13 (1.03–1.23)	0.009	0.751 (0.695–0.812)	< 0.001	0.892 (0.821–0.969)	0.006
Almost every day	0.966 (0.880–1.06)	0.47	1.12 (1.02–1.24)	0.021	0.576 (0.523–0.633)	< 0.001	0.886 (0.796–0.986)	0.026

^aData are from the fourth Indian National Family Health Survey. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs in parentheses are shown. P value was displayed in a separate column. All data are weighted to account for survey design