Table 4.

Logistic regression to identify factors associated with any tobacco and both smoked and smokeless tobacco use among men, India 2015–2016^a

Factors	Any tobacco				Both smoke and smokeless tobacco
	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Demographic factors
Age of the respondents
15–24	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
25–34	2.62 (2.48–2.77)	< 0.001	1.65 (1.53–1.78)	< 0.001	2.04 (1.88–2.21)	< 0.001	1.35 (1.21–1.50)	< 0.001
35–44	3.40 (3.22–3.59)	< 0.001	1.90 (1.74–2.08)	< 0.001	2.22 (2.04–2.43)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.18–1.52)	< 0.001
45–54	3.63 (3.43–3.83)	< 0.001	2.14 (1.96–2.35)	< 0.001	2.25 (2.05–2.47)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.26–1.64)	< 0.001
Marital status
Single	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Married	3.14 (3.01–3.28)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.26–1.46)	< 0.001	2.12 (1.96–2.30)	< 0.001	1.06 (0.945–1.20)	0.3118
Separated/divorced/widowed	6.02 (5.04–7.19)	< 0.001	2.13 (1.68–2.70)	< 0.001	3.94 (3.20–4.84)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.22–1.98)	< 0.001
Sociocultural factors
Education
No education	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Primary	0.853 (0.792–0.918)	< 0.001	0.991 (0.915–1.07)	0.830	0.824 (0.754–0.899)	< 0.001	0.919 (0.830–1.02)	0.104
Secondary	0.335 (0.315–0.356)	< 0.001	0.673 (0.620–0.731)	< 0.001	0.424 (0.391–0.460)	< 0.001	0.737 (0.659–0.824)	< 0.001
Higher	0.159 (0.146–0.173)	< 0.001	0.444 (0.398–0.496)	< 0.001	0.176 (0.153–0.202)	< 0.001	0.450 (0.375–0.540)	< 0.001
Occupation
Not working	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Professional/technical/managerial/services	2.41 (2.25–2.57)	<0.001	1.54 (1.42–1.67)	< 0.001	1.96 (1.75–2.19)	< 0.001	1.46 (1.28–1.66)	< 0.001
Agriculture	4.62 (4.35–4.91)	< 0.001	1.81 (1.67–1.95)	< 0.001	3.20 (2.87–3.57)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.30–1.66)	< 0.001
Skilled/unskilled manual	4.95 (4.63–5.29)	< 0.001	2.21 (2.04–2.40)	< 0.001	3.57 (3.20–3.98)	< 0.001	1.67 (1.47–1.90)	< 0.001
Ethnicity
Caste	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Tribe	1.67 (1.54–1.80)	< 0.001	1.01 (0.930–1.11)	0.741	1.43 (1.29–1.58)	< 0.001	0.726 (0.648–0.814)	< 0.001
No caste/tribe	1.06 (0.946–1.19)	0.313	1.15 (0.989–1.34)	0.068	0.741 (0.606–0.906)	0.003	0.781 (0.636–0.958)	0.0180
Alcohol consuming
No	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Yes	4.54 (4.30–4.80)	<0.001	5.22(4.88-5.59)	< 0.001	4.84 (4.53–5.18)	< 0.001	4.90 (4.55–5.28)	< 0.001
Religion
Hindu	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Muslim	1.02 (0.944–1.11)	0.57	1.28 (1.17–1.40)	0.081	0.948 (0.859–1.05)	0.296	1.37 (1.23–1.52)	< 0.001
Others	0.603 (0.554–0.657)	< 0.001	0.529 (0.473–0.592)	0.265	0.687 (0.594–0.794)	< 0.001	0.763 (0.651–0.895)	< 0.001
Household’s wealth index
Poorest	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Poorer	0.709 (0.667–0.753)	< 0.001	0.963 (0.896–1.03)	0.302	0.659 (0.609–0.713)	< 0.001	0.917 (0.839–1.00)	0.053
Middle	0.487 (0.459–0.517)	< 0.001	0.789 (0.733–0.849)	< 0.001	0.445 (0.409–0.485)	< 0.001	0.818 (0.735–0.909)	< 0.001
Richer	0.368 (0.344–0.393)	< 0.001	0.664 (0.607–0.727)	< 0.001	0.322 (0.291–0.356)	< 0.001	0.681 (0.598–0.775)	< 0.001
Richest	0.239 (0.221–0.259)	< 0.001	0.482 (0.435–0.534)	< 0.001	0.207 (0.180–0.239)	< 0.001	0.512 (0.428–0.613)	< 0.001
Spatial factors
Place of residence
Rural	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Urban	0.680 (0.645–0.719)	< 0.001	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	0.003	0.667 (0.613–0.730)	< 0.001	1.13 (1.02–1.23)	0.016
Region
South	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
West	1.72 (1.57–1.88)	< 0.001	3.23 (2.91–3.58)	< 0.001	1.71 (1.40–2.09)	< 0.001	2.82 (2.33–3.43)	< 0.001
North-East	4.26 (3.84–4.72)	< 0.001	5.22 (4.57–5.98)	< 0.001	8.02 (6.90–9.34)	< 0.001	8.50 (7.17–10.1)	< 0.001
East	2.75 (2.53–2.99)	< 0.001	3.26 (2.95–3.60)	< 0.001	4.14 (3.58–4.78)	< 0.001	4.11 (3.52–4.80)	< 0.001
Central	2.83 (2.65–3.04)	< 0.001	4.23 (3.89–4.59)	< 0.001	5.15 (4.51–5.88)	< 0.001	6.11 (5.33–7.00)	< 0.001
North	1.36 (1.26–1.46)	< 0.001	2.35 (2.15–2.57)	< 0.001	1.80 (1.55–2.11)	< 0.001	2.72 (2.32–3.19)	< 0.001
Access to information
Reading newspaper or magazine
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	0.604 (0.566–0.645)	< 0.001	0.913 (0.841–0.990)	0.0274	0.701 (0.634–0.776)	< 0.001	0.978 (0.868–1.10)	0.711
At least once a week	0.468 (0.443–0.494)	< 0.001	0.884 (0.823–0.949)	< 0.001	0.554 (0.513–0.598)	< 0.001	0.975 (0.884–1.08)	0.614
Almost every day	0.323 (0.305–0.342)	< 0.001	0.811 (0.750–0.876)	< 0.001	0.346 (0.317–0.377)	< 0.001	0.903 (0.800–1.02)	0.103
Frequency of watching television
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	0.929 (0.865–0.997)	0.042	1.11 (1.02–1.20)	0.014	1.05 (0.956–1.16)	0.291	1.23 (1.10–1.37)	0.132
At least once a week	0.731 (0.684–0.781)	< 0.001	1.08 (0.995–1.17)	0.065	0.802 (0.734–0.876)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.04–1.28)	0.527
Almost every day	0.454 (0.429–0.481)	< 0.001	1.06 (0.983–1.14)	0.129	0.447 (0.410–0.487)	< 0.001	1.22 (1.05–1.42)	0.325
Frequency of listening radio
Not at all	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Less than once a week	1.07 (0.999–1.15)	0.054	1.09 (1.00–1.18)	0.043	1.33 (1.20–1.47)	< 0.001	1.42 (1.22–1.64)	< 0.001
At least once a week	0.832 (0.779–0.888)	< 0.001	0.955 (0.878–1.04)	0.279	0.980 (0.884–1.09)	0.699	1.28 (1.11–1.47)	0.009
Almost every day	0.678 (0.624–0.737)	< 0.001	0.946 (0.862–1.04)	0.240	0.791 (0.687–0.910)	0.001	1.30 (1.07–1.59)	0.010

^aData are from the fourth Indian National Family Health Survey. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs in parentheses are shown. P value was displayed in a separate column. All data are weighted to account for survey design