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. 2020 Sep 10;13(18):4004. doi: 10.3390/ma13184004

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Surface charge effects on antimicrobial activity. (a) Schematic showing the surface passivation agents used to tune the surface charge of carbon nanodots, whereby 2,2-(ethylenedioxy)bis-(ethylamine) (EDA) confers a positive charge and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA) a neutral charge at pH 7.4. (b) Viability of Bacillus subtilis cells following photodynamic treatment with EDA- and EPA-conjugated carbon dots (EDA/EPA-CDots). The control consists of the light-exposed samples in the absence of carbon dot treatment. Statistical difference is indicated by the letters (A–C, p < 0.05); data with the same letter label have no statistical difference. For additional details regarding the reported studies, the reader is referred to Table 1 of the main text. Permissions: (a,b) Adapted from Reference [21]. Open access.