Table 2.
Content of compounds in unripe, intermediate ripe, and fully ripe fruits of F. viridis, mg/g of fresh fruit weight ± S.D.
| Compound | Stage of Ripeness | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unripe | Intermediate | Ripe | |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Hexose (glucose+fructose) | 41.10 ± 0.82 | 43.26 ± 0.90 | 45.16 ± 0.92 |
| Hexosyl-hexose (saccharose) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
| Total carbohydrates | 41.14 | 43.32 | 45.27 |
| Organic acids | |||
| Ascorbic acid | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 1.12 ± 0.02 |
| Citric acid | 2.83 ± 0.06 | 3.18 ± 0.07 | 5.63 ± 0.11 |
| Malic acid | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.02 |
| Tartaric acid | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.01 |
| Fumaric acid | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
| Oxalic acid | traces | traces | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| Total organic acids | 4.25 | 4.92 | 7.88 |
| Gallic acid derivatives | |||
| Gallic acid | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| 1-O-Galloyl glucose | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloylglucose | traces | traces | traces |
| Total gallic acid derivatives | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Hydroxycinnamates and coumarins | |||
| p-Coumaric acid 4-O-glucoside | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.00 |
| p-Coumaric acid O-hexoside 24 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| 4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
| Umbelliferone | traces | traces | traces |
| Total hydroxycinnamates and coumarins | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.60 |
| Ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins | |||
| Ellagic acid | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 |
| Ellagic acid O-pentoside 41 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
| Ellagic acid O-desoxyhexoside 43 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
| Ellagic acid O-methyl ester-O-desoxyhexoside 82 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.24 ± 0.00 |
| Ellagic acid di-O-methyl ester-O-desoxyhexoside 86 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.00 |
| Pedunculagin | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 |
| Pedunculagin isomer 18 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
| Strictinin isomer 14 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 |
| Strictinin isomer 16 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 |
| Castalagin isomer 30 | traces | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| Castalagin isomer 34 | traces | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Casuarictin isomer 33 | traces | traces | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Casuarictin isomer 40 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 |
| Sanguiin H2 | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| Sanguiin H2 isomer 44 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Sanguiin H6 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 |
| Sanguiin H6 isomer 46 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.01 |
| Sanguiin H10 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| Lambertianin C | 1.86 ± 0.04 | 1.42 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.02 |
| Agrimonic acid A | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| Agrimonic acid B | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
| Agrimoniin | 2.63 ± 0.05 | 2.03 ± 0.04 | 1.41 ± 0.03 |
| Fragariin A | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.01 |
| Total ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins | 7.54 | 6.37 | 5.97 |
| Catechins and procyanidins | |||
| Catechin | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| Procyanidin B2 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Procyanidin B4 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces |
| Procyanidin C2 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Procyanidin trimer 36 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Total catechins and procyanidins | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.09 |
| Anthocyanins | |||
| Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside | traces | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
| Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| Pelargonidin di-O-hexoside 22 | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Pelargonidin O-acetyl-O-hexoside 48 | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Pelargonidin O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 37 | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | n.d. | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Cyanidin O-acetyl-O-hexoside 38 | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Cyanidin O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 32 | n.d. | n.d. | traces |
| Total anthocyanins | traces | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| Flavonols and flavonol glycosides | |||
| Kaempferol | traces | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | traces | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide | traces | traces | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol O-acetyl-O-hexoside 72 | traces | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol O-acetyl-O-hexoside 73 | traces | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol di-O-acetyl-O-hexoside 87 | traces | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol O-malonyl-O-hexoside 68 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol O-malonyl-O-hexoside 69 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces |
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol O-acetyl-O-malonyl-O-hexoside 89 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Kaempferol O-malonyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 90 | traces | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol O-malonyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 92 | traces | traces | traces |
| Kaempferol O-acetyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 93 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Total kaempferol derivatives | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| Quercetin | traces | traces | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-xyloside | traces | traces | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-arabinoside | traces | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | traces | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide | traces | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside | 0.32 ± 0.00 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-(2″,6″-di-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin O-malonyl-O-hexoside 64 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces | traces |
| Quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 61 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Quercetin O-acetyl-O-malonyl-O-hexoside 80 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces |
| Quercetin O-malonyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 84 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces |
| Quercetin O-malonyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 85 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces |
| Quercetin O-acetyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 88 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | traces | traces |
| Quercetin di-O-acetyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 94 | traces | traces | traces |
| Quercetin O-acetyl-O-malonyl-O-p-coumaroyl-O-hexoside 95 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Total quercetin derivatives | 0.82 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
| Total flavonols and flavonol glycosides | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
| Triterpenes | |||
| Pomolic acid | traces | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Pomolic acid O-hexoside 83 | traces | traces | traces |
| Pomolic acid di-O-hexoside 77 | traces | traces | traces |
| Tormentic acid | traces | traces | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Tormentic acid O-hexoside 78 | traces | traces | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| Tormentic acid di-O-hexoside 75 | traces | traces | traces |
| Total triterpenes | traces | traces | 0.04 |