Table 1.

Typical nanofillers of different dimensions in polymer matrices for pervaporation.

Nanofiller	Polymer Matrix	Dimension	Size (nm)	Application (A/B Separation)	T (°C)	Flux (g m−2 h−1)	Separation Factor (A/B)/Salt Rejection	Ref.
Silica	PVA	0	<10	Desalination	22	6930	99.5 (%)	[24]
CTAB-silica	PTMSP	0	-	Butanol/water	63	1044	126	[40]
TiO2	CS	0	100	Water/ethanol	80	340	196	[26]
Ag	Nafion	0	-	Benzene/cyclohexane	25	1.6	12.65	[41]
GQDs	Alg	0	<20	Water/methanol	70	2323	29.5	[42]
GOQDs	NaAlg	0	3.9	Water/ethanol	76	2432	1152	[43]
CNT	PVA	1	Length: 500–2000 Outer diameter: < 8	Desalination	55	11,860	99.9 (%)	[44]
Fe3O4/CNT	NaAlg	1	Fe3O4: 10 CNT diameter: 20–30 CNT length: -	Water/ethanol	76	2211	1870	[45]
Attapulgite nanorods	NaAlg	1	Length: 300–1000 Outer diameter: 20	Water/ethanol	76	1356	2030	[46]
Titanate nanotubes	PVA	1	Length: 100–200 Outer diameter: 10-20	Water/isopropanol	50	~30	5520	[47]
Aluminosilicate nanotubes	PVA	1	Length: ~500 Outer diameter: ~2.2	Water/ethanol	60	333	-	[48]
GO	polyimide	2	Lateral size: <1000 Thickness: <2	Water/isopropanol	60	161.5	>5000	[49]
MXene	CS	2	Lateral size: 500–1000 Thickness: 1–2	Water/ethanol	50	1424	1421	[50]
g-C3N4	NaAlg	2	Lateral size: - Thickness: ~0.96	Water/ethanol	76	2469	1635	[51]
MoS2	Pebax	2	Lateral size: 1000–2000 Thickness: 6	Thiophene/n-octane	60	11,420	-	[52]
ZSM-5	PDMS	3	4900	Ethanol/water	40	408	14	[53]
zeolite 4A	polyimide	3	300–400	Water/isopropanol	30	18	8991	[54]
ZIF-71	PEBA	3	1000	Butanol/acetone–ethanol–water	37	96.8	18.8	[55]
Na+-MMT	PVA	3	800	Water/isopropanol	30	51	1116	[56]
CMS	PDMS	3	<50,000	Benzene/water	40	~140	9000	[57]
GOF	PVA	3	Lateral size: - Thickness: 6.5–9.1	Water/ethanol	70	~300	330	[58]