Table 2.
Covariate imbalance before and after propensity score matching.
| Classification | Pre-Matching Sample (n = 141,967) | Post-Matching Sample (n = 34,330) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates: % (SE) | With Part-Time Job Experience | Without Part-Time Job Experience | p Value | With Part-Time Job Experience | Without Part-Time Job Experience | p Value | |
| Gender | Male | 13.0 (0.3) | 87.0 (0.3) | <0.001 | 49.6 (0.6) | 50.4 (0.6) | 0.955 |
| Female | 11.4 (0.3) | 88.6 (0.3) | 49.6 (0.7) | 50.4 (0.7) | |||
| Age (Years) | 13 | 1.4 (0.1) | 98.6 (0.1) | <0.001 | 50.1 (2.3) | 49.9 (2.3) | 0.001 |
| 14 | 3.0 (0.1) | 97.0 (0.1) | 48.9 (1.6) | 51.1 (1.6) | |||
| 15 | 6.5 (0.2) | 93.5 (0.2) | 50.7 (1.1) | 49.3 (1.1) | |||
| 16 | 13.0 (0.3) | 87.0 (0.3) | 46.8 (0.7) | 53.2 (0.7) | |||
| 17 | 20.6 (0.4) | 79.4 (0.4) | 50.4 (0.7) | 49.6 (0.7) | |||
| 18 | 21.4 (0.4) | 78.6 (0.4) | 50.3 (0.7) | 49.7 (0.7) | |||
| School Type | Middle School | 3.8 (0.1) | 96.2 (0.1) | <0.001 | 50.2 (0.9) | 49.8 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| High School | 14.4 (0.3) | 85.6 (0.3) | 48.3 (0.6) | 51.7 (0.6) | |||
| Vocational High School | 42.0 (0.9) | 58.0 (0.9) | 52.1 (0.9) | 47.9 (0.9) | |||
| Residential Area | Big City | 10.2 (0.2) | 89.8 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.4 (0.7) | 49.6 (0.7) | 0.384 |
| Medium-Sized City | 13.2 (0.2) | 86.8 (0.3) | 49.2 (0.6) | 50.8 (0.6) | |||
| Rural Area | 19.5 (1.0) | 80.5 (1.0) | 48.5 (1.6) | 51.5 (1.6) | |||
| Living Arrangement | With Both Parents | 11.2 (0.2) | 88.2 (0.2) | <0.001 | 49.2 (0.5) | 50.8 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| With a Single Parent | 21.0 (0.4) | 79.0 (0.4) | 52.0 (0.8) | 48.0 (0.8) | |||
| With Grandparent(s)/Other Relatives | 23.6 (1.4) | 76.4 (1.4) | 47.3 (2.2) | 52.7 (2.2) | |||
| Perceived Socioeconomic Status | High | 8.7 (0.2) | 91.3 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.3 (0.6) | 49.7 (0.6) | 0.088 |
| Middle | 12.7 (0.2) | 87.3 (0.2) | 48.9 (0.6) | 51.1 (0.6) | |||
| Low | 21.9 (0.4) | 78.1 (0.4) | 50.1 (0.7) | 49.9 (0.7) | |||
| School Performance | High | 7.6 (0.2) | 92.4 (0.2) | <0.001 | 50.7 (0.7) | 49.3 (0.7) | 0.051 |
| Middle | 11.6 (0.2) | 88.4 (0.2) | 49.6 (0.7) | 50.4 (0.7) | |||
| Low | 19.4 (0.3) | 80.6 (0.3) | 48.9 (0.5) | 51.1 (0.5) | |||
| Father’s educational level | Below middle School | 24.3 (0.8) | 75.7 (0.8) | <0.001 | 45.9 (1.4) | 54.1 (1.4) | 0.023 |
| High School | 18.1 (0.3) | 81.9 (0.3) | 49.7 (0.6) | 50.3 (0.6) | |||
| Above College | 8.8 (0.1) | 91.2 (0.1) | 49.8 (0.6) | 50.2 (0.6) | |||
| Mother’s Educational Level | Below Middle School | 23.7 (0.8) | 76.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | 46.4 (1.5) | 53.6 (1.5) | 0.071 |
| High School | 16.8 (0.3) | 83.2 (0.3) | 49.5 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | |||
| Above College | 8.5 (0.2) | 91.5 (0.2) | 50.0 (0.6) | 50.0 (0.6) | |||
| Weekly Allowance | <50$ | 10.4 (0.2) | 89.6 (0.2) | <0.001 | 49.5 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | 0.434 |
| 50$–100$ | 20.1 (0.4) | 79.9 (0.4) | 49.3 (0.8) | 50.7 (0.8) | |||
| >100$ | 27.8 (0.6) | 72.2 (0.6) | 50.7 (1.0) | 49.3 (1.0) | |||
SE: Standard error.