Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Variable | Total (n = 139) | CRS1 (n = 48) | Non-CRS1 (n = 91) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.12 ± 15.77 | 64.06 ± 15.29 | 67.19 ± 15.98 | 0.27 |
| Male | 70 (50.4) | 24 (51.4) | 46 (50) | 0.95 |
| Body mass index∗ (kg/m2) | 23.44 [21.56–25.05] | 24.29 [22.5–25.82] | 23.44 [21.33–24.38] | 0.037 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 88 (63.3) | 34 (70.8) | 54 (59.3) | 0.18 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (36.7) | 20 (42.6) | 31 (33.7) | 0.38 |
| Dyslipidemia | 9 (6.5) | 4 (8.5) | 5 (5.4) | 0.49 |
| Smoking | 14 (10.1) | 5 (10.4) | 9 (9.9) | 0.92 |
| Alcohol drinking | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
| IHD/old MI | 42 (30.2) | 15 (31.3) | 27 (29.7) | 0.85 |
| DCM | 5 (3.6) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (3.3) | 0.56 |
| Valve heart diseases | 25 (18) | 5 (10.4) | 20 (21.9) | 0.092 |
| Heart failure | 45 (32.6) | 17 (35.4) | 28 (30.8) | 0.61 |
| CKD | 22 (15.8) | 12 (25) | 10 (10.9) | 0.031 |
| Stroke | 10 (7.2) | 4 (8.3) | 6 (6.6) | 0.74 |
| Vital signs at admission | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 102 [88–114] | 98 [84–115] | 104 [90–114] | 0.89 |
| BP (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 120 [90–140] | 120 [90–140] | 110 [100–140] | 0.79 |
| Diastolic | 70 [60–80] | 70 [60–80] | 70 [60–80] | 0.29 |
| Mean | 86.67 [70–100] | 86.67 [70–100] | 86.67 [73.33–100] | 0.58 |
| Oxygen saturation (%)∗∗ | 90 [86–95] | 90 [87–96] | 90 [86–94] | 0.53 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| APE | 60 (43.2) | 15 (31.3) | 45 (49.5) | 0.11 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 23 (16.5) | 9 (18.8) | 14 (15.4) | |
| ADHF | 54 (38.8) | 24 (50) | 30 (32.9) | |
| Others | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) | 0.66 |
| Acute MI | 56 (40.9) | 18 (37.5) | 38 (41.8) | |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| EF∗∗∗-based HF | ||||
| EF reduced | 34 (26.6) | 9 (20.9) | 25 (29.4) | 0.29 |
| EF midrange | 29 (22.7) | 13 (30.2) | 16 (18.8) | |
| EF preserved | 65 (50.8) | 21 (48.8) | 44 (51.8) | |
| Neutrophil# (K/µL) | 7.84 [5.50–10.71] | 8.5 [5.37–11.96] | 7.73 [5.50–10.32] | 0.39 |
| Hb (g/dl)# | 11.60 [9.98–13.53] | 10.8 [9.13–13.38] | 12.15 [10.4–13.60] | 0.087 |
| AST (UI/l)## | 47.49 [28.98–104.83] | 48.2 [30.2–106.33] | 46.9 [28.58–104.83] | 0.41 |
| ALT (UI/l)## | 29.7 [17.86–79.04] | 33.11 [17.78–85.64] | 28.02 [18.08–69.20] | 0.94 |
| Urea (mmol/l)### | 9.82 [6.20–14.53] | 12.67 [8.51–19.27] | 8.09 [5.45–11.67] | <0.01 |
| Creatinine D1(mg/dl) | 1.31 [0.99–2.24] | 2.44 [1.47–4.09] | 1.08 [0.83–1.47] | <0.01 |
| eGFRCKDEPID1 | 47 [23–75.75] | 22 [13–44] | 64 [38.25–84.05] | <0.01 |
| Creatinine D3 | 1.29 [0.87–2.32] | 2.84 [1.38–4.8] | 1.07 [0.8–1.44] | <0.01 |
| eGFRCKDEPID3 | 50 [23.25–79] | 19.5 [11–47.5] | 67 [38–86.50] | <0.01 |
| Na+ (mmol/l) | 137.4 [133.48–140.48] | 136.8 [130.55–138.8] | 138.4 [135.03–141.05] | 0.49 |
| K+ (mmol/l) | 4.05 [3.54–4.49] | 4.15 [3.58–4.59] | 3.96 [3.52–4.44] | 0.54 |
| NGAL (ng/ml) | 327.13 [205.38–516.76] | 511.63 [338.27–587.94] | 262.59 [193.07–401.11] | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 8814 [3860–26419] | 20131 [6350–35000] | 6378 [2935.25–17177.50] | 0.005 |
| Troponin I$ (pg/ml) | 6156.18 ± 13176.59 | 6575.08 ± 13505.34 | 5941.86 ± 13080.16 | 0.79 |
| pH$$ | 7.40 ± 0.087 | 7.39 ± 0.099 | 7.42 ± 0.079 | 0.08 |
| HCO3−$$ (mmol/l) | 21.8 [17.85–24.98] | 20.03 [16.4–23.7] | 22.6 [19.1–25.98] | 0.25 |
| pCO2$$ (mmHg) | 35 [29.08–40.03] | 35 [27.85–40.95] | 35 [29.98–39.48] | 0.67 |
| pO2$$ (mmHg) | 76 [61.75–111] | 75 [60–110.5] | 77 [62.75–111] | 0.77 |
| Therapy at admission | ||||
| Furosemide | 108 (77.7) | 36 (75) | 72 (79.1) | 0.58 |
| Furosemide dose (mg) | 40 (20–40) | 40 (20–40) | 40 (20–40) | 0.50 |
| ACEIs/ARBs use | 14 (10.1) | 4 (8.3) | 10 (10.98) | 0.62 |
| Beta-blockers | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 0.66 |
| Dobutamine | 19 (13.8) | 7 (14.6) | 12 (13.2) | 0.84 |
| Dopamine | 7 (5) | 3 (6.3) | 4 (4.4) | 0.64 |
| Noradrenaline | 26 (18.7) | 9 (18.8) | 17 (18.7) | 0.99 |
| Nitrates | 85 (61.2) | 28 (58.3) | 57 (62.6) | 0.62 |
| Conventional oxygen | 110 (79.1) | 41(85.4) | 69 (75.8) | 0.19 |
| Ventilation invasive | 12 (8.6) | 5 (10.4) | 7 (7.7) | 0.59 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 13 (9.4) | 5 (10.4) | 8 (8.8) | 0.75 |
| CRRT | 2 (1.4) | 2 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.051 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 9 [7–12] | 10 [7–12] | 8 [7–12.75] | 0.33 |
| In-hospital mortality/serious illness | 21 (15.1) | 12 (25) | 9 (9.9) | 0.018 |
Data are presented as n (%); medium ± SD; and median [interquartile range]. ∗n = 113; ∗∗n = 131; ∗∗∗n = 128;#n = 137; ##n = 115; ###n = 134; $n = 130; $$n = 117; EF reduced <40%; EF midrange 40–49%; EF preserved ≥50%. APE, acute pulmonary edema; BP, blood pressure; MI, myocardial infraction; IHD, ischemic heart disease; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; CCRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ACEIs, angiotensionogen-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers. Bold indicates statistical significance. Serious illness: high risk of mortality patients were resuscitated but their families asked to be discharged before death in the hospital.