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The pathogenesis hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the most common hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. (A), Amyloid cascade hypothesis. (B), Tau hypothesis. AICD, Amyloid precursor protein Intracellular C-terminal Domain; APP, amyloid precursor protein; Aβ, beta-amyloid protein; GSK3, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; NFTs, neurofibrillary tangles. Reprinted with minor modification from Wen et al., Journal of Controlled Release, published by Elsevier, 2019 [9].
