Strengths and limitations of this study: (1)By purposively selecting CCGs with different sociodemographic characteristics and then inviting surgeries to participate in a random order, we were able to reduce bias and get input from surgeries with a range of antibiotic prescribing rates. (2)We were able to speak with 57 staff members from 8 practices with various roles in the management pathway. This allowed us to explore the behaviour of non-prescribers. (3)General practices that were more overburdened or going through changes were more likely to decline to participate, and their views may not have been captured. (4)Using the Theoretical Domains Framework to develop our focus group schedule allowed us to explore all areas of behaviour and fed into intervention development. (5)Nesting this piece of research within a project that included the development of UTI resources for all ages, including a UTI flowchart and leaflet for older adults, could have biased discussion to focus more on management in older adults (which is seen as more complex by clinicians) even when general feedback was prompted for during the discussion.