Table 7.

Heterogeneous effects of parental absence on student outcomes.

Variables	Cognitive Test Score	Academic Test Score	Educational Aspiration
	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A: by gender
Boys	−0.238 *	−1.936 ***	0.007
	(0.130)	(0.691)	(0.014)
Girls	−0.184	−3.493 ***	−0.055 ***
	(0.125)	(0.680)	(0.015)
Panel B: by parents’ education
Educated parents	0.105	−1.221	−0.014
	(0.269)	(1.336)	(0.020)
Parents without a college education	−0.213 **	−2.776 ***	−0.023 **
	(0.094)	(0.517)	(0.011)
Panel C: by Hukou type
Rural students	−0.022	−1.813 ***	0.005
	(0.113)	(0.692)	(0.015)
Urban students	−0.393 ***	−3.467 ***	−0.050 ***
	(0.140)	(0.688)	(0.014)

Note: The data source is the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2013–2014. Robust standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the class level. The estimate in each cell is obtained from a separate regression. A full set of individual and class characteristics listed in Table 1, grade fixed effects, school fixed effects, and grade-by-school fixed effects are included in each regression. The IV estimation is applied in columns (1)–(3). In Panel A, according to gender we divide the sample into male subsample and female subsample. In Panel B, according to parents’ education we divide the sample into educated parents subsample and less educated parents (without college education) subsample. In Panel C, according to Hukou type we divide the sample into rural subsample and urban subsample. Finally, we run separate regression for each subsample. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.