Table 8.

The effect of parental absence on mental health.

Variables	Depressed	Blue	Unhappy	Life Is Meaningless	Pessimistic
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Parental absence	0.025 *	0.035 ***	0.047 ***	0.046 ***	0.040 ***
	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	10,503	10,503	10,503	10,503	10,503
R-squared	0.056	0.049	0.049	0.043	0.043

Note: The data source is the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2013–2014. Robust standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the class level. The estimate in each cell is obtained from a separate regression. A full set of individual and class characteristics listed in Table 1, grade fixed effects, school fixed effects, and grade-by-school fixed effects are included in each regression. The IV estimation is applied in columns (1)–(5). “Yes” indicates that we control these variables in estimation. *** p < 0.01, * p < 0.1.