Table 2.
fMRI activation to cannabis cues in the CUD group
| Contrast | Voxels | p‐val | z‐max | x (mm) | y (mm) | z (mm) | Peak region | Other regions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis odor > Baseline | 33,360 | <.001 | 14.2 | 6 | −62 | −26 | Vermis VI | Ventral Tegmental Area—VTA; Left VI; Right V; Frontal Pole; Left V; Right I‐IV; Left I‐IV; Right VI; Left Crus I; Right Crus I; Left Substantia Nigra; Right Substantia Nigra; Occipital Pole; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Left Crus II; Brain‐Stem; Paracingulate Gyrus; Right Crus II; Insular Cortex; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Right Putamen; Vermis VIIIa; Left Putamen; Central Opercular Cortex; Cingulate Gyrus—anterior division; Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex; Lingual Gyrus; Precentral Gyrus; Left Hippocampus; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars opercularis; Vermis Crus II; Right Thalamus; Frontal Operculum Cortex; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars triangularis; Vermis IX; Left Amygdala; Vermis VIIIb; Left Thalamus; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—posterior division; Left Pallidum; Parahippocampal Gyrus—posterior division; Left VIIb; Frontal Orbital Cortex; Angular Gyrus; Vermis VIIb; Vermis X; Left VIIIa; Right Caudate; Left Caudate; Right Pallidum; Right VIIb; Left Accumbens; Left VIIIb; Right Accumbens; Vermis Crus I; Right Amygdala; Left IX; Right VIIIa; Right IX |
| Cannabis picture > Baseline | 36,866 | <.001 | 13.5 | 2 | −56 | −16 | Right V | Ventral Tegmental Area—VTA; Left VI; Left V; Right I‐IV; Right VI; Frontal Pole; Left I‐IV; Left Crus I; Right Crus I; Left Substantia Nigra; Occipital Pole; Right Substantia Nigra; Vermis VI; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Left Crus II; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Brain‐Stem; Right Crus II; Paracingulate Gyrus; Lingual Gyrus; Insular Cortex; Vermis VIIIa; Right Putamen; Left Putamen; Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex; Central Opercular Cortex; Cingulate Gyrus—anterior division; Vermis IX; Left Hippocampus; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars opercularis; Vermis Crus II; Precentral Gyrus; Vermis VIIIb; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars triangularis; Right Thalamus; Frontal Operculum Cortex; Occipital Fusiform Gyrus; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—posterior division; Left Amygdala; Left Thalamus; Parahippocampal Gyrus—posterior division; Left VIIb; Vermis X; Left Pallidum; Frontal Orbital Cortex; Vermis VIIb; Left VIIIa; Right VIIb; Left Caudate; Right Pallidum; Left VIIIb; Left IX; Left Accumbens; Right Caudate; Vermis Crus I; Right Amygdala; Right VIIIa; Right Accumbens; Right IX |
| Cannabis odor + Picture > Baseline | 37,645 | <.001 | 14.5 | 2 | −62 | −26 | Vermis VI | Ventral Tegmental Area—VTA; Left VI; Right V; Left V; Frontal Pole; Right VI; Right I‐IV; Left I‐IV; Left Crus I; Right Crus I; Left Substantia Nigra; Occipital Pole; Right Substantia Nigra; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Left Crus II; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Right Crus II; Brain‐Stem; Paracingulate Gyrus; Insular Cortex; Lingual Gyrus; Vermis VIIIa; Right Putamen; Left Putamen; Central Opercular Cortex; Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex; Cingulate Gyrus—anterior division; Vermis IX; Left Hippocampus; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars opercularis; Vermis Crus II; Precentral Gyrus; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars triangularis; Frontal Operculum Cortex; Vermis VIIIb; Left Amygdala; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—posterior division; Right Thalamus; Occipital Fusiform Gyrus; Left Thalamus; Parahippocampal Gyrus—posterior division; Frontal Orbital Cortex; Left VIIb; Left Pallidum; Vermis X; Vermis VIIb; Left Caudate; Left VIIIa; Right Pallidum; Left VIIIb; Right VIIb; Left IX; Left Accumbens; Right Caudate; Right Amygdala; Vermis Crus I; Right Accumbens; Right VIIIa; Right IX |
| Cannabis odor > Flower odor | 3,789 | <.001 | 6.81 | −20 | −78 | −52 | Left VIIb | Brain‐Stem; Left Crus II; Left Crus I; Left VIIIa; Right VIIIa; Left VIIIb; Right VIIb; Right Crus II; Right VIIIb; Left IX; Right Crus I; Left VI; Right IX; Right VI; Left X; Vermis VIIIb; Vermis IX; Vermis Crus II; Vermis VIIIa |
| 23,046 | <.001 | 5.49 | −64 | −40 | 28 | Supramarginal Gyrus—anterior division | Frontal Pole; Precuneus Cortex; Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex; Supramarginal Gyrus—posterior division; Parietal Operculum Cortex; Right Thalamus; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Planum Temporale; Cingulate Gyrus—posterior division; Cingulate Gyrus—anterior division; Precentral Gyrus; Angular Gyrus; Postcentral Gyrus; Middle Temporal Gyrus—temporooccipital part; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Frontal Operculum Cortex; Superior Parietal Lobule; Right Caudate; Left Thalamus; Right Putamen; Right Hippocampus | |
| Cannabis picture > Flower picture | 1,118 | <.001 | 3.82 | 14 | −34 | −2 | Right Thalamus | Left Thalamus; Cingulate Gyrus—posterior division; Parahippocampal Gyrus—posterior division; Right Hippocampus; Lingual Gyrus; Precuneus Cortex; Right Caudate; Brain‐Stem; Right Pallidum |
| 25,647 | <.001 | 6.53 | 46 | −60 | −18 | Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex | Left Crus I; Right Crus I; Left VI; Right VI; Left Crus II; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Left VIIb; Right Crus II; Right VIIb; Left VIIIa; Occipital Pole; Right VIIIa; Left VIIIb; Occipital Fusiform Gyrus; Vermis VI; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—posterior division; Inferior Temporal Gyrus—temporooccipital part; Right VIIIb; Right V; Left IX; Lingual Gyrus; Left V; Precuneus Cortex; Parahippocampal Gyrus—posterior division; Vermis Crus II; Middle Temporal Gyrus—temporooccipital part; Frontal Orbital Cortex; Intracalcarine Cortex; Left X; Right X; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—anterior division; Right IX; Right Hippocampus; Right Amygdala; Vermis VIIIb; Vermis IX; Vermis VIIIa; Right I‐IV; Left Hippocampus; Left I‐IV; Vermis Crus I; Brain‐Stem; Vermis VIIb | |
| Cannabis bimodal > Flower bimodal | 8,432 | <.001 | 4.96 | −22 | 30 | 38 | Superior Frontal Gyrus | Frontal Pole; Paracingulate Gyrus; Cingulate Gyrus—anterior division; Middle Frontal Gyrus; Precentral Gyrus; Frontal Medial Cortex; Juxtapositional Lobule Cortex; Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars opercularis |
| 35,723 | <.001 | 6.43 | −10 | −90 | 0 | Occipital Pole | Right Crus I; Left Crus I; Right VI; Lateral Occipital Cortex—superior division; Left VI; Right Crus II; Left Crus II; Frontal Orbital Cortex; Temporal Pole; Precuneus Cortex; Cingulate Gyrus—posterior division; Lateral Occipital Cortex—inferior division; Lingual Gyrus; Vermis VI; Left VIIb; Occipital Fusiform Gyrus; Middle Temporal Gyrus—posterior division; Temporal Fusiform Cortex—posterior division; Intracalcarine Cortex; Frontal Pole; Right VIIb; Temporal Occipital Fusiform Cortex; Inferior Temporal Gyrus—temporooccipital part; Subcallosal Cortex; Cuneal Cortex; Angular Gyrus; Vermis Crus II; Right Amygdala; Parahippocampal Gyrus—anterior division; Left V; Right V; Middle Temporal Gyrus—temporooccipital part; Right Caudate; Left Amygdala; Right VIIIa; Middle Temporal Gyrus—anterior division; Right I‐IV; Superior Temporal Gyrus—posterior division; Left Thalamus; Right Thalamus; Vermis VIIIa; Left Caudate; Left Hippocampus; Left I‐IV; Left VIIIa; Left Accumbens; Vermis Crus I; Right Hippocampus; Right Accumbens; Vermis VIIb; Left Putamen; Right Putamen; Brain‐Stem; Right VIIIb; Vermis VIIIb |
R = right, L = left. x, y, and z coordinates are in Montreal Neurological Institute space. "Peak region" and "other regions" are labeled using the Harvard‐Oxford Cortical Structural Atlas, the Harvard‐Oxford Subcortical Structural Atlas, the Cerebellar Atlas, and the Duke Midbrain Atlas. p‐values are based on a whole‐brain cluster correction for multiple comparisons.