Table 2.
Larvicidal activity of Carlina acaulis essential oil (EO) and its 6% nanoemulsion (NE) against 1st instar larvae of Lobesia botrana.
| Tested Product | LC10 1 ± SE 2 (CI95) 3 (µL/mL) | LC30 ± SE (CI95) (µL/mL) | LC50 ± SE (CI95) (µL/mL) |
LC90 ± SE (CI95) (µL/mL) |
χ 2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. acaulis EO | 4.87 ± 0.49 (3.9–5.4) |
6.19 ± 0.31 (5.6–6.5) |
7.29 ± 0.25 (6.9–7.6) | 10.92 ± 1.40 (9.7–13.6) |
1.158 | 0.563 n.s.4 |
| C. acaulis EO in NE | 6.24 ± 0.58 (5.1–6.8) |
7.77 ± 0.33 (7.2–8.1) |
9.04 ± 0.39 (8.6–9.7) | 17.70 ± 4.48 (15.4–27.5) | 1.257 | 0.262 n.s. |
1 LC = lethal concentration killing 10%(LC10), 30% (LC30), 50%(LC50) or 90% (LC90) of the exposed population; 2 SE = standard error; 3 CI95 = 95% confidence interval; 4 n.s. = not significant (p > 0.05). Positive control spinosad (Laser®) tested at tab dose (150 ppm) achieved 100% mortality.