Table 1.
Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics among the study groups.
| Baseline Characteristics | Control n = 63,864 | DM n = 31,932 | ASD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0 | ||
| Female | 27,562 (43.16%) | 13,781 (43.16%) | |
| Male | 36,302 (56.84%) | 18,151 (56.84%) | |
| Age (years old) | 0 | ||
| 20–39 | 6596 (10.33%) | 3259 (10.21%) | |
| 40–59 | 33,346 (52.21%) | 16,611 (52.02%) | |
| 60–79 | 20,783 (32.54%) | 10,503 (32.89%) | |
| 80–100 | 3139 (4.92%) | 1559 (4.88%) | |
| Urbanization | 0.129 | ||
| Urban | 38,494 (60.27%) | 18,432 (57.72%) | |
| Suburban | 18,815 (29.46%) | 9756 (30.55%) | |
| Rural | 6555 (10.26%) | 3744 (11.72%) | |
| Low income | 308 (0.48%) | 167 (0.52%) | 0.006 |
| Length of hospital stays † | 0.244 | ||
| 0 days | 58,542 (91.67%) | 28,015 (87.73%) | |
| 1–6 days | 2903 (4.55%) | 1884 (5.90%) | |
| ≥7 days | 2419 (3.79%) | 2033 (6.37%) | |
| Co-morbidity † | |||
| Hypertension | 13,878 (21.73%) | 13,369 (41.87%) | 0.443 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 4047 (6.34%) | 3454 (10.82%) | 0.161 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6126 (9.59%) | 5798 (18.16%) | 0.25 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1245 (1.95%) | 1327 (4.16%) | 0.129 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 697 (1.09%) | 549 (1.72%) | 0.053 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2623 (4.11%) | 2112 (6.61%) | 0.111 |
| Dementia | 403 (0.63%) | 266 (0.83%) | 0.024 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 5443 (8.52%) | 3653 (11.44%) | 0.097 |
| Glaucoma | 1027 (1.61%) | 632 (1.98%) | 0.028 |
| Cataract | 4505 (7.05%) | 2499 (7.83%) | 0.029 |
| Rheumatic disease | 580 (0.91%) | 285 (0.89%) | 0.002 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 6000 (9.39%) | 3562 (11.15%) | 0.058 |
| Kidney disease | 1341 (2.10%) | 935 (2.93%) | 0.053 |
| Liver disease | 5161 (8.08%) | 4315 (13.51%) | 0.176 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 426 (0.67%) | 314 (0.98%) | 0.035 |
| Coagulation defects | 36 (0.06%) | 29 (0.09%) | 0.013 |
DM: diabetes mellitus, ASD: absolute standard deviation, n: number. † The length of hospital stays and comorbidities were identified within 1 year before index date. All data are presented as the number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.