Table 4.
Multiple Cox proportional hazards regression for the estimation of risk of bladder cancer.
| Variable | aHR (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| DM (reference: Control) | 0.842 (0.627–1.13) |
| Sex (reference: Female) | |
| Male | 1.849 (1.393–2.456) |
| Age, years old (reference: 40–59) | |
| 20–39 | 0.314 (0.114–0.864) |
| 60–79 | 2.844 (2.063–3.92) |
| 80–100 | 4.003 (2.393–6.697) |
| Urbanization (reference: Urban) | |
| Suburban | 1.157 (0.867–1.544) |
| Rural | 0.806 (0.51–1.273) |
| Low income | 0.889 (0.124–6.351) |
| Length of hospital stays † (reference: 0 day) | |
| 1–6 days | 1.139 (0.665–1.948) |
| ≥7 days | 1.83 (1.117–3) |
| Co–morbidity † | |
| Hypertension | 1.006 (0.735–1.375) |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 1.321 (0.894–1.952) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.231 (0.851–1.781) |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.573 (0.262–1.253) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.301 (0.572–2.959) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.01 (0.606–1.684) |
| Dementia | – |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 1.196 (0.823–1.739) |
| Glaucoma | 1.278 (0.64–2.553) |
| Cataract | 1.657 (1.151–2.384) |
| Rheumatic disease | 0.408 (0.057–2.92) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1.321 (0.916–1.905) |
| Kidney disease | 3.383 (2.146–5.332) |
| Liver disease | 0.841 (0.538–1.313) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 0.396 (0.054–2.882) |
| Coagulation defects | - |
aHR: adjusted hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, DM: diabetes mellitus. † The length of hospital stays and comorbidity were identified within 1 year before index date.