Table 3.
Multilevel mixed-effects linear models for factors associated with dental visits (n = 4835).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Null model) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | |
| Random effects | |||||
| City-level variance (SE) | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
| Fixed effects | |||||
| City-level characteristics | |||||
| GDP per capita (10,000 RMB) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.12) *** | 0.09 (0.05, 0.12) *** | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) *** | 0.07 (0.04, 0.10) *** | |
| Individual-level characteristics | |||||
| Covariates | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| Health insurance coverage | |||||
| No insurance | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| New Cooperative Medical Scheme | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.28) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.21) | ||
| Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance | 0.30 (0.13, 0.47) ** | 0.18 (0.01, 0.35) * | 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) * | ||
| Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance | 0.43 (0.27, 0.60) *** | 0.26 (0.10, 0.43) ** | 0.25 (0.09, 0.41) ** | ||
| Government medical insurance | −0.07 (−0.38, 0.24) | −0.21 (−0.51, 0.10) | −0.20 (−0.49, 0.10) | ||
| Other medical insurance | 0.15 (−0.09, 0.39) | −0.03 (−0.26, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.24) | ||
| Self-rated health | |||||
| SRHMS scores | −0.01 (−0.01, −0.01) *** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | |||
| Regular physical exam | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.61 (0.51, 0.71) *** | 0.60 (0.50, 0.70) *** | |||
| Care about healthy food | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0.28 (0.19, 0.38) *** | 0.29 (0.20, 0.38) *** | |||
| Self-rated oral health | |||||
| Very poor | Ref | ||||
| Poor | −0.15 (−0.42, 0.12) | ||||
| Fair | −0.42 (−0.70, −0.15) ** | ||||
| Good | −0.64 (−0.92, −0.37) *** | ||||
| Very good | −0.91 (−1.22, −0.60) *** | ||||
| Tooth loss | |||||
| Number of missing teeth | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) *** | ||||
| Gum Bleeding | |||||
| Never | Ref | ||||
| Hardly | 0.44 (0.21, 0.46) *** | ||||
| Occasionally | 0.55 (0.43, 0.67) *** | ||||
| Frequently | 0.62 (0.44, 0.81) *** | ||||
| Always | 0.70 (0.30, 1.10) ** | ||||
| Log restricted-likelihood | −9235.58 | −9082.3339 | −9059.2979 | −8944.5676 | −8795.3696 |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Notes: All estimations include gender, age, marital status, education years, and income as covariates; SE = standard error; 95% confidence intervals in parentheses; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.