Table 1.

Partial applications of various biosensor architectures for the detection of phenolic antioxidants.

Biosensors	Index	Sample	Detection Technique	Linear Range	LoD	Ref
Lac-CPE 1	TPC	red fruits	DPV	-	-	[34]
Lac-CPE	TPC	honey	DPV	-	-	[35]
SPE 2/Tyr/GA 3	catechol	medicinal plants	amperometry	0 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 136 µM	1.5 ± 0.6 µM	[36]
Lac/SNGC 4	gallic acid	wine	amperometry	-	0.011 mg L−1	[37]
PEDOT 5-Tyr/SNGC	caffeic acid	beer, wine	amperometry	10 ≤ [CA] ≤ 300 µM	4.33 µM	[38]
CPE/Tyr/Nafion	hydroquinone	red wine	amperometry	20 ≤ [HQ] ≤ 120 µM	1.6 µM	[39]
6 α-CD-CPE	trans-resveratrol	grape extracts	DPV	30 ≤ [resv] ≤1000 µg L−1	12 μg L−1	[40]
Transducer -Tyr	catechol	honey, propolis	potentiometry	9.3 × 10−7 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 8.3×10−2 M	7.3 × 10−7 M	[41]
Pt 7/2,7-BSeC 8/Tyr	catechol	-	DPV	1.5 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 80 µM	0.02 µM	[42]
Tyr/AA 9/LuPc2 10	caffeic acid	-	CV	10 ≤ [CA] ≤ 400 µM	1.98 µM	[43]
CPE–CNT 11–SEP 12–nafion–peroxidase	TBHQ	salad dressing samples	SWV	1.65 ≤ [TBHQ] ≤ 9.82 mg L−1	0.41 mg L−1	[25]
GCE 13/hybrid/Lac/BSA 14-GA1	catechol	fruit juices	amperometry	1 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 300 µM	0.3 µM	[45]
CFA 15-CFB 16/Lac	catechol	wastewater	amperometry	-	< 5 µM	[46]
[(CHI 17)-(AuNP 18)-(CHI)-(CuPcS 19)]2-Tyr	catechol	-	amperometry	2.4 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 20 µM	8.55 × 10−4 µM	[47]
LACC/AuNP/GNPl 20/SPCE 21	hydroquinone	wine, blueberry syrup	hydrodynamic amperometry	4 ≤ [HQ] ≤ 130 µM	1.5 µM	[48]
Lac/Au–ZnO 22/ITO 23	catechol	environmental water	amperometry	0.075 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 1100 µM	25 nM	[49]
GC 24/WS2-COOH 25/tyrosinase	catechol	-	amperometry	0.6 ≤ [CAT] ≤ 70 µM	-	[50]
CPL 26-DNA 27:CNT	rutin	coffee	DPV	-	12 µM	[55]
protein-based solid biosensor with Cu(II)-Nc 28 assay	epicatechin	herbal infusions	absorbance	12.5≤ [ECAT] ≤ 150 µM	1.2 µM	[56]
protein-based solid biosensor with Fe(II)-Fz 29 assay	epicatechin	herbal infusions	absorbance	25≤ [ECAT] ≤ 250 µM	0.5 µM	[57]

¹ Carbon paste electrode; ² Screen-printed electrode; ³ Glutaraldehyde; ⁴ Sonogel carbon electrode; ⁵ Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene; ⁶ α-cyclodextrin; ⁷ Platinum; ⁸ Poly[2,7-bis(selenophene)-N-nonylcarbazole]; ⁹ Arachidic acid; ¹⁰ Lutetium bisphtalocyanine; ¹¹ Carbon nanotubes; ¹² Sepiolite; ¹³ Glassy carbon electrode; ¹⁴ Bovine serum albumin; ¹⁵ Carbon fibre A; ¹⁶ Carbon fibre B; ¹⁷ Chitosan; ¹⁸ Gold nanoparticle; ¹⁹ Copper(II) phthalo-cyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt; ²⁰ Graphene nanoplatelets; ²¹ Screen printed carbon electrode; ²² Gold-zinc oxide; ²³ Indium tin oxide; ²⁴ Glassy carbon; ²⁵ Tungsten disulphide nanotubes with carboxylic acid functions; ²⁶ Carbon paste laccase; ²⁷ Deoxyribonucleic acid; ²⁸ Copper(II)- neocuproine; ²⁹ Iron(II)-ferrozine.