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. 2020 Jul 7;5(3):32. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics5030032

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Chemical structure of lipopolyamines (12 or 18 C). (B) Uptake of lipopolyamines alone or complexed with ovalbumin by cultured human cell lines transfected with Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), leading to 1) secretion of inflammatory and type-I interferon cytokines able to trigger a Th1 response (cell-mediated immunity); 2) secretion of the interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) able to induce a Th2 response (humoral immune response). (c) Uptake of lipopolyamines/antigen complexes in vivo by intraperitoneal macrophages induced secretion of interleukin-5 (IL-5) and humoral immunity plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and gamma-interferon inducible protein (IP-10) [71], typical inducers of Th1 response (cell-mediated immune response) by the cultured macrophages. Reprinted from [70] with permission from Elsevier, Copyright 2018.