Table 1.

Glyphosate (GLY) occupational exposure assessment studies employing biological monitoring methods via urine sampling ¹.

Ref:	Country	Type of Study	Sampling Population	Urine Sample Type	Analytical Method	GLY Conc. (µg/L)				AMPA Conc. (µg/L)
						LOD/LOQ	% above LOQ/LOD	Average	Max	LOD/LOQ	% above LOQ/LOD	Average	Max
Zhang, F. et al., 2020 [47]	China	Pesticide production plants	Workers across 4 production plants	End of work shift samples. n = 134	GC-MS 2	LOD 20	~87%	Mean 292	17,200	10	~81%	Median 68	2730
Perry, M.J. et al., 2019 [43] 3	US	US agricultural cohort study	18 farmers—8 hrs after application and 17 non-applicators	Spot urine samples 4	LC-MS/MS 5	LOD 0.4	39%	Median < LOD	12.0	1	6%	Median < LOD	NR 6
Connolly, A. et al., 2018 [42]	Ireland	Horticulture amenity gardening	20 workers for 29 tasks. A total of 125 individual samples	Individual full void samples 7	LC-MS/MS	LOQ 0.5	93%	Peak values GM 1.90 AM 2.53	7.36	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Connolly, A. et al., 2017 [44]	Ireland	Horticulture amenity gardening	17 workers—31 paired samples	Spot samples 8	LC-MS/MS	LOQ 0.5	55%	GM 0.66 AM 1.35	10.66	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mesnage, R. et al., 2012 [39]	France	Farm family exposure study	1 farmer, spouse and 3 children	24-h urine over three days	HPLC-ESI-MS 9	LOD 1 LOQ 2	NR2	Overall results not given	9.5	NR	0	Non detect	Non detect
Curwin, B. et al., 2007 [24] 10	USA—Iowa	Farm and ‘non-farm’ familiesinvestigating take-home pesticide exposure	Farm Father (n = 24) Mother (n = 24) Child (n = 25)	Two full void spot urine samples. 11	Immunoassay (fluorescent microbeads)	LOD 0.9	Overall ~77%	GM Farm: Father 1.9 Mother 1.5 Child 2.0	18	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Acquavella, J.F. et al., 2004 [40] 12	USA—South Carolina, Minnesota	Occupational and residential exposures in an agricultural setting	48 farmers, 48 spouses and 79 children	24-hr composite urine samples 13	HPLC following ion exchange	LOD 1	Farmer 60% Spouse 4% Child 12%	Farmer GM 3.2	Farmer 233 Spouse 3 Child 29	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lavy, T.L et al., 1992 [45]	United States	Conifer Seedling Nursery	14 workers	24-h urine 14	Not specified	LOQ 10	0	0	0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Jauhiainen, A. et al., 1991 [46]	Finland 1988	Forest workers	5 Forest workers and 5 control group	Post work shift samples 15	GC with a 63Ni-electron capture detector	LOD 100	0	N/A	<LOD 16	LOD 50	0	N/A	N/A

¹ N/A: Information not available due to single measurements or not given in the literature. ² Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ³ Only reporting the results of the occupationally exposed group (e.g., 18 farmers). ⁴ From 1997 and 1998, long-term cryopreservation. ⁵ Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ⁶ Not reported. ⁷ Multiple individual full void samples (before and after the work task and the following morning void), the original paper also provided creatinine adjusted results. ⁸ Samples were taken before and after the work tasks, the original paper also provided creatinine adjusted results. ⁹ High-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and mass spectrometry. ¹⁰ The results of the non-farm family are available in Table 2 under environmental exposures. ¹¹ Two visits involved the collection of two full void spot urine samples, one evening and the following morning void. Results creatinine adjusted. ¹² The results reported in this table are the concentrations found on the day of pesticide application, with the overall highest concentrations. ¹³ The 24-h composite urine samples were collected the day before spraying, the day of spraying and the following three days after the spraying event. ¹⁴ Samples were collected from each worker each day for a minimum of 8 weeks, to calculate seasonal exposures. ¹⁵ Urine sample was taken at the end of the workday during the spraying week and also after a 3 week period. ¹⁶ One urine sample was further quantified and had 85 μg/L of glyphosate.