Table 3.
The glyphosate concentrations in human urine samples (average and maximum values) from the non-occupationally exposed studies (Table 2) compared to the EFSA ADI 1 using a 1% urinary excretion fraction 2.
| Study | Percentage of EFSA ADI [%] | |
|---|---|---|
| Average | Max | |
| Soukup et al., 2020 [41] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
| Connolly et al., 2018 [52] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
| Parvez et al., 2018 [14] | 2% (mean) | 5% |
| Conrad et al., 2017 [38] | <LOQ (median) | 2% |
| Knudsen et al., 2017 [23] | 1% (mothers, mean) 1% (children, mean) |
2% |
| Mills et al., 2017 [55] | 0.2% (mean) | NR 3 |
| Rendon-von Osten. et al., 2017 [54] | 0.3% (mean) | NR |
| McGuire et al., 2016 [36] | 0.2% (mean) | 1% |
| Jayasumana et al., 2015 [11] | 53% 4 | |
| (control populations) | ||
| SAN endemic areas | 49% (median) | |
| non-endemic area | 6% (median) | |
| Krüger et al., 2014 [51] | NR | 3% |
| Hoppe, 2013 [33] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
| Varona et al., 2009 [53] | <LOQ (median) | 87% 4 |
| Curwin et al., 2007 [24] (Non-farm family) |
1% (father, GM) 1% (mother, GM) 2% (child, GM) |
6% |
1 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) acceptable daily intake (ADI) allowance is expressed as the amount mass of glyphosate, per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg b.w./day). 2 AMPA have similar concentrations in environmentally exposed individuals (results not presented). AMPA has been stated to have a similar toxicological profile to glyphosate, and glyphosate reference values also apply to AMPA (EFSA, 2015). 3 Not reported. 4 These studies were investigating non-occupational exposures; however, both reported the inclusion of potentially occupationally exposed participants. Therefore, we cannot eliminate the possibility that the upper exposure levels might be influenced by occupational exposure sources.