Table 1.
Gene target for enhanced source-to-sink flux in tomato.
| Transgene | Full name | Organism from which the genes are derived from | Used promoter | Targeted organism | Type of manipulation | Gene expression | Yield | Rationale | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage change | Measured in | Percentage change | Measured in | ||||||||
| mMDH | Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase | Tomato | CaMV35S | Tomato | Knockdown | -45 to -73% | Leaves | 10–35% | Fruit (dry weight) | 75 | |
| -20 to -31% | Fruits | ||||||||||
| SBP | Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase | Arabidopsis thaliana | CaMV35S | Tobacco | Overexpression | 150% | Leaves | 12% | Biomass | 21;98,99 | |
| Tobacco | Overexpression | 50% | Leaves | 22% | Biomass | ||||||
| Tomato | Tomato | Overexpression | 30 to 230% | Leaves | 4.5–45% | Biomass | |||||
| Brachypodium distachyon | Rice tungro virus promoter (RTVP) | Wheat | Overexpression | 143 to 176% | Seeds | 5–35% | Biomass | ||||
| SPA | Sugar partitioning affected | Tomato | CaMV35S | Tomato | Knockdown | -80 to -90% | Leaves | 11–20% | Fruit (fresh weight) | 68 | |
| -25 to -82% | Fruits | ||||||||||
| PP | Pyrophosphatase | E. Coli | cyFBPase | Potato | Overexpression | 145 to 172% | Leaves | 56% | Tuber (fresh weight) | 39 | |
| GS2 | Glutamine synthetase 2 | Tobacco | Leaf-specific soybean ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carbox ylase/oxygenase small subunit gene promotor | Tobacco | Overexpression | 15 to 18 (fold change) | 20–30% | Biomass | 100 | ||
| GLDH | H-protein of glycine decarboxylase | Flaveria pringlei | Nuclear photosynthetic gene (ST-LS1) | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | 1.5 to 5 | Leaves | 37% | Biomass | 24;79 | |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | CaMV35Sand ST-LS1 | Tobacco | Overexpression | 5 to 42 (fold change) | Leaves | 26–47% | Biomass | ||||
| SWEET 11 | Efflux transporter 11 | Arabidopsis | Mutant | − 20 to − 35% | Rosette diameter | 101 | |||||
| SUC2/SUC9 | Sucrose transporter 2/9 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Cell-specific promoter from Commelina yellow mottle virus (CoYMVp) | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | 2 to 2.5 | 146% | Companion cells | Enhances phloem loading | 102;103 | |
| Plasma membrane H + -ATPase PMA1 gene | Yeast | Overexpression | Increase | Yest cells | Increase uptake capacity of hexoses into cells | ||||||
| AAP1 | Amino acid permease 1 | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | Increase amino acid transport into cell | 104 | ||||||
| AAP6 | Amino acid permease 6 | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | Increased uptake of amino acids into cell | 104 | ||||||
| LIN5 | Apoplastic invertase 5 | Tomato | CaMV35S | Tomato | Knockdown | -25 to -50% | − 12 to − 13% | Fruit (number and size) | 78;80 | ||
| Tomato | QTL | Increase | Sugar Yield | ||||||||
| CAT9 | Cationic amino acid transporter 9 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Ubiquitin | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | 1.4 (fold change) | Leaves | 100% | Biomass | 105 | |
| INVINH1 | Apoplastic invertase inhibitor | Tomato | CaMV35S | Tomato | Overexpression | − 20% | Seed weight | 74 | |||
| SUS1 | Sucrose synthase 1 | Potato | S7 promoter from subterranean clover stunt virus | Cotton | Overexpression | 2 (fold change) | Fiber length (20 DAA) | 30% | Seed weight | 106 | |
| AgpL1 | Large subunit of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase 1 | Tomato | Tomato | Introgression line which harbored the allele from wild specie S. Habrocjaites | 2 (fold change) | Fruits | 2–15% | Fruit (fresh weight) | 107 | ||
| TMT1 | Tonoplast monosaccharide transporter 1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | CaMV35S | Arabidopsis | Overexpression | 12–22% | Seed weight | 108 | |||
| STP6 | Sugar transporter 6 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Arabidopsis | Mutant | Increase uptake capacity of hexoses into cells | 109 | |||||
| STP3 | Sugar transporter 3 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Arabidopsis | Increase uptake capacity of hexoses into cells | 110 | ||||||
Genes have been selected based on published characterization or relation with positive effects on source, transport or sink carbon nitrogen flow. Its single relation is shown through type of intervention, species and its effect on yield, or its interpretation based on the reference cited.