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. 2020 Aug 9;120(11):2383–2395. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04466-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Subject positioning in the recumbent stepping machine during eccentric training. Subjects were seated in the machine with the chair adjusted for limb length to ensure the knee could not extend beyond ~ 30° or flex to more than ~ 90° during the exercise (a) to reduce the risk of knee joint injury. Real-time visual feedback of the subject’s force trace was imposed over a target force range (b) to enable subjects to match the required 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) intensity during each contraction. To more effectively engage the ankle musculature, straight-legged plantarflexor contractions were included during the ECC_PF programme (c)