Table 2.

Effects of n-3 PUFA on body weight, body composition and energy intake in humans

N (M/F)	Participants Age (years)	n-3 PUFA (% in diet)	Other diet	Duration	Body weight	Fat mass	Fat site	Lean mass	Energy intake	Ref.
15 (10/5)	Healthy adults 69–73 years	4 g Lovaza/day 1.86 g EPA 1.50 g DHA	Corn oil NA	8 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NC		[186]
44(15/29)	Healthy adults 62–76 years	4 g n-3 1.86 g EPA 1.5 g DHA	Corn oil	6 months	NC	NC	NA	+	NA	[210]
17 (8/9)	Nonobese, T2DM Obese, T2DM 41–66 years	PUFA diet NA	SF diet	10 weeks 5 week crossover design	NC	−	Abdominal SubQ	NA	NC	[71]
33 (20/13)	Overweight, impaired glucose 40–61 years	3.9 g EPA + DHA	Maize oil	9 months	NC	NC	NA	NC	NA	[187]
53 (17/36)	Decreased muscle mass 60+ years	1.3 g n-3 660 mg EPA 440 mg DHA	Vitamin E	12 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NC	NA	[211]
76	Overweight, IR 9–18 years	540 mg EPA 360 mg DHA	Corn starch	1 month	NC	NC	NA	NA	NA	[126]
126 F	Healthy, postmenopausal 68–82 years	1.2 g EPA + DHA	Olive oil	6 months	NC	NA	NA	NA	NC	[70]
44 (14/30)	Healthy 27–41 years	1.6 g EPA 800 mg DHA	Safflower oil	6 weeks	NC	−	NA	+	NA	[66]
12 F	Postmenopausal, T2DM, without hypertriglyceridemia 54–56 years	1.8 g n-3 1.08 EPA 0.72 DHA	Placebo Paraffin oil	2 months	NC	−	SubQ	NA	NC	[69]
47 M	Overweight 35–55 years	230 mg EPA and 154 mg DHA	Corn oil	8 weeks	NC	NA	NA	NA	NC	[68]
66 (45/21)	T2DM 40–70 years	2.8 g EPA + DHA	Placebo	24 weeks	NC	NA	NA	NA	NA	[208]
24 M	Viscerally Obese	1.8 g EPA + 1.56g EPA	Placebo	6 weeks	NC	NA	NA	NA	NA	[212]
27F	Overweight/obese 23–60 years	2.8 g DHA	Oleic acid	12 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NC	−	[67]

F, female; IR, insulin resistant; M, male.