Table 3.

Effects of n-3 PUFA in addition to dietary intervention on body weight, body composition and energy intake in humans

N (M/F)	Participants	Diet intervention	Dietary fat (%)	n-3 PUFA (% in diet)	Control (placebo)	Duration	Body weight	Fat mass	Lean mass	Energy intake	Ref.
P18 (6/12) 15 (5/10)	Obese 28–53 years	HEWLD	NA	6 g n-3 0.42 g EPA 1.62 g DHA	MUFA	12 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NC	[213]
24 (6/18)	Obese 25–65 years	LCD	25	1.8 g n-3 DHA:EPA5:1	Placebo Corn oil	12 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NA	[73]
35 F	Overweight, IR 21–69 years	Low fat/high carb diet	35	1.3 g EPA 2.9 g DHA	2.8 g LA 1.4 g OA	24 weeks	NC	NC	NC	NA	[120]
6(5/1)	Healthy 21–25 years	Controlled diet	32	Replaced 6g: 6 g FO 1.1 g EPA 0.7 g DHA	None	3 weeks	NC	−	NC	NC	[65]
14 (8/6)	Overweight, hypertensive 51–55 years	CR + daily fish meal	NA	3.65 g n-3	CR only	16 weeks	NC	NC	NA	NC	[75]
35 M	Overweight 20–40 years	30% CR + cod	NA	0.3 g n-3	CR only	8 weeks	−	NA	NA	NC	[76]
42 M	Overweight 20–40 years	30% CR + salmon	NA	3.0 g n-3	CR only	8 weeks	−	NA	NA	NC
29M	Overweight 20–40 years	30% CR + FO	NA	1.5 g n-3	CR only	8 weeks	−	NA	NA	NC
34 M	Overweight 25–65 years	Ketogenic Mediterranean	45.8 ± 4	Krill oil 57.5 mg EPA 32.5 mg DHA	Ketogenic Mediterranean diet only	4 weeks	NC	NC	NC	NA	[74]
45	MetS 37–63 years	CR+ FO	27.7	2.13 G N-3 PUFA	CR	12 weeks	−	NC	NC	NC	[72]
278	Overweight 20–40 years	30% CR	Lean fish or fatty fish	0.26 g in lean fish & 2.1 g in fatty fish	CR + placebo	8 weeks	NC	NC	NC	NC	[214]
		30 % CR	Fish oil	1.3 g EPA and DHA	Placebo		NC	NC	NC	NC
51 F	Healthy 20–50 years	30% CR	30	1.3 g EPA	Sunflower flower CR only	10 weeks	NC	NC	NC	NC	[118]

CR, calorie restriction; HEWLD, healthy eating weight loss diet; LCD, low-calorie diet; MetH, metabolically healthy; OA, oleic acid.