Table 4.
Effects of n-3 PUFA in addition to diet and/or exercise on body weight, body composition and energy intake in humans
| N (M/F) | Participants Age (years) |
n-3 PUFA (% in diet) | Control/diet intervention | Duration | Exercise | Body weight | Fat mass | Lean mass | Energy intake | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 M | Healthy 19–34 years |
4g n-3 PUFA | No supplementation | 10 weeks | Aerobic 70%–85% HR max 1 h/3×/wk |
NC | NC | NA | NC | [86] |
| 4 g n-3 PUFA | No supplementation | 10 weeks | Maintain | NC | NC | NA | NC | |||
| 45 F | Healthy 62–66 years |
2 g n-3 0.4 g EPA 0.3 g DHA |
No supplementation | 12 weeks | Strength training 3×/wk |
NC | NA | NA | NC | [215] |
| NA | 12 weeks, 60 initial supplementation | Strength training 3×/wk |
NC | NA | NA | NC | ||||
| 50 F | Healthy 65–70 years |
Healthy diet | 24 weeks | Resistance Training 2×/wk |
NC | NA | + | NC | [88] | |
| 128 (40/88) | Overweight/obese, healthy 40–55 years |
3 g EPA + DHA 5:1 (EPA:DHA) |
Soybean and corn oil/Nutrition counseling | 24 weeks | 150 min/week at 50%–85% of VO2 max | NC | NC | NA | NC | [83] |
| 39 (6/33) | MetS 36–64 years |
3 g FO 540 mg EPA 360 mg DHA |
No supplementation/Nutrition counseling | 20 weeks | 80 min 3×/wk walking 60 min resistance training 2×/wk |
NC | NC | NA | NC | [84] |
| 29 M | Obese, IR 32–65 years |
1000 mg EPA 700 mg DHA |
Glucose/starch | 16 weeks, initial 4 week supplementation | 3–5 walking sessions/wk at 50%–65% Hrmax | NC | NA | NA | NA | [81] |
| 16 (6/11) | Overweight, hyperlipidemia, hypertensive 25–65 years |
1.9 g n-3 PUFA 360 mg EPA 1.56 g DHA |
Sunflower oil | 12 weeks | Run/ walk 3×/wk for 45 min at 75% of APHRmax | NC | − | NC | NC | [87] |
| 17 (5/11) | Overweight, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive 25–65 years | 1.9 g n-3 PUFA 360 mg EPA 1.56 g DHA |
Sunflower oil | 12 weeks | none | NC | − | NC | NC | |
| 7 (5/2) | Hyperlipidemic 27–63 years |
50 ml FO 17% EPA 12% DHA |
Corn oil | 12 weeks | Walk/jog 3×/wk for 45–50 min at 70%–85% max HR | NC | − | NA | NC | [85] |
| 7 (4/3) | Hyperlipidemic 27–63 years |
50 ml FO 17 % EPA 12% DHA |
Corn oil | None | NC | NC | NA | NC | ||
| 20 F | Severely obese 37–60 years |
2.8 g n-3 2:1 EPA: DHA |
Placebo/ VLCD | 3 weeks, inpatient | 60 min/day light to moderate |
− | NA | NA | NA | [82] |
| 50 (27/23) | Healthy 65–77 years |
3 g FO | Placebo | 18 weeks | Lower-limb resistance training 2×/wk | NC | NA | NC | NA | [89] |
APHRmax, age-predicted heart rate maximum calculated by [208−(0.7×age)]; HR, heart rate; VLCD, very-low calorie diet.