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. 2020 Aug 7;3(3):572–585. doi: 10.20517/cdr.2020.35

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© The Author(s) 2020.

© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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PA16.gemR tumors maintained gemcitabine resistant phenotype in the absence of exposure to gemcitabine. Average tumor volumes ± S.E.M. of PA16.gemR tumors in mice treated with gemcitabine 100 mg/kg weekly or with saline control for 5 weeks. Tumor volumes are normalized to day 0 of treatment (A); photomicrographs of PA16.gemR tumors harvested three days after the completion of therapy were stained for H&E and immunostained for the proliferation marker Ki67. Scale bar = 10 μm (B); Ki67 IHC data in B were quantitated as described in Methods to determine proliferation indices. Ki67 proliferation indices were compared by Student’s t-test. NS: not significant (C). gemR: gemcitabine resistance; IHC: immunohistochemistry