Table 3.
Coefficients of resource selection functions for coyote (Canis latrans) movement behavior (encamped, foraging, and traveling) during diurnal, crepuscular (crep.), and nocturnal periods in the snow season
| Variable | Encamped | Foraging | Traveling | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diurnal | Crep. | Nocturnal | Diurnal | Crep. | Nocturnal | Diurnal | Crep. | Nocturnal | |
| Forest at 10 m | – 0.13 (0.47) | 0.52 (0.51) | – 0.45 (0.52) | – 0.71 (0.22) | – 0.46 (0.25) | – 0.14 (0.32) | – 0.13 (0.20) | 0.21 (0.27) | 0.55 (0.33) |
| Open at 10 m | – 0.21 (0.53) | 0.58 (0.55) | – 0.79 (0.56) | – 0.66 (0.26) | – 0.27 (0.29) | 0.02 (0.35) | – 0.07 (0.23) | – 0.05 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.39) |
| Forest at 500 m | 0.08 (3.49) | – 0.59 (3.65) | 1.38 (3.66) | 1.96 (0.71) | 1.80 (0.85) | 1.19 (1.12) | 0.75 (0.51) | – 0.23 (0.62) | – 0.53 (0.83) |
| Open at 500 m | – 0.94 (4.31) | 0.00 (4.89) | 1.98 (4.32) | – 0.04 (0.81) | – 0.93 (1.03) | – 2.32 (1.27) | – 0.90 (0.62) | – 0.70 (0.77) | 0.30 (1.06) |
| Forest-open edge density at 50 m | 0.07 (0.34) | – 0.24 (0.43) | – 0.17 (0.43) | 0.05 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.19) | – 0.38 (0.25) | – 0.00 (0.15) | 0.11 (0.19) | – 0.29 (0.24) |
| Landscape heterogeneity at 500 ma | 0.25 (2.89) | – 0.12 (2.97) | 0.31 (2.67) | 0.74 (0.49) | 0.90 (0.60) | 1.60 (0.75) | 0.42 (0.37) | – 0.60 (0.45) | 0.26 (0.65) |
| Linear corridor density at 100 m | 1.43 (5.13) | 0.41 (3.72) | – 3.12 (3.12) | 0.53 (1.39) | 0.55 (1.32) | – 7.23 (4.72) | 0.98 (0.91) | – 0.56 (1.20) | 3.03 (1.47) |
| Linear corridor density at 500 m | – 3.79 (16.09) | – 10.45 (17.10) | – 1.89 (16.06) | – 5.01 (3.62) | – 0.88 (3.73) | 2.58 (4.77) | – 3.69 (2.38) | 1.78 (2.88) | – 8.66 (4.41) |
|
Elevation (per 100 m) |
2.07 (1.91) | 0.11 (1.95) | 1.38 (1.27) | 1.11 (0.35) | 0.70 (0.30) | 1.04 (0.42) | 0.31 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.16) | – 0.13 (0.23) |
| Slope (radians) | 3.18 (4.40) | – 4.63 (5.29) | – 3.70 (3.85) | 0.59 (1.04) | – 1.50 (1.16) | 0.18 (1.34) | – 1.41 (0.74) | – 1.37 (0.80) | – 4.38 (1.43) |
| Step distance (m, natural log) | – 0.87 (0.07) | – 0.90 (0.07) | – 0.89 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.82 (0.06) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.98 (0.11) |
| Turning angle (cosine) | – 0.34 (0.10) | – 0.49 (0.10) | – 0.42 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.11) | 0.46 (0.15) |
We estimated movement behavior using hidden Markov models from coyotes monitored using GPS collars recording locations every 2 h from October 2011 to October 2015 in Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada. Significant coefficients (2 × SE < β) are in bold font
aLandscape heterogeneity was measured as the Simpson’s Diversity Index between forested, open, and wetland land cover