Table 4.

Variables’ description and sample means

Variable	Description	Italy	Spain	Difference
Dependent variables
Informal care	1 if having received at least one type of help amongst help with personal care, practical household help, and help with paperwork by a family member from outside the household	$0.159$	$0.172$	$-0.013$
Informal care for ADL	1 if having received help with personal care (dressing, eating, using the toilet…) by a family member from outside the household	$0.063$	$0.082$	$-0.{019}^{\ast \ast }$
Informal care for IADL	1 if having received practical household help (gardening, shopping…) or help with paperwork such as filling out forms by a family member from outside the household	$0.149$	$0.159$	$-0.010$
Independent variables
LTCI public	1 if reporting to own LTC insurance or financing provided by the State	$0.144$	$0.254$	$-0.{110}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
LTCI private	1 if reporting to own private mandatory or voluntary / supplementary LTC insurance	$0.017$	$0.036$	$-0.{019}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Formal care	1 if having received professional or paid personal care, help with domestic tasks or help with other activities such as filling a drug dispenser during the last year	$0.116$	$0.172$	$-0.{056}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Hospital	1 if having been in a hospital overnight during the last 12 months	$0.177$	$0.202$	$-0.{025}^{\ast \ast }$
Doctor	Number of doctor visits during the last year	$11.950$	$8.337$	$3.{613}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Mobility limitations	Number of mobility limitations (walking 100 m, sitting for 2 h, climbing stairs…)	$3.364$	$3.958$	$-0.{594}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
ADL limitations	Number of limitations in Activities of Daily living (getting in / out of bed, bathing or showering…)	$0.529$	$0.682$	$-0.{153}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
IADL limitations	Number of limitations in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (phoning, personal laundry…)	$1.059$	$1.529$	$-0.{470}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Health	Respondent’s self-reported health	$2.214$	$2.103$	$0.{111}^{\ast \ast }$
Household members	Number of people living in the respondent’s household, excluding lodgers	$2.263$	$2.224$	$0.039$
Married	1 if reporting to be married or in a registered partnership	$0.644$	$0.626$	$0.018$
Widow	1 if reporting to be widow	$0.165$	$0.191$	$-0.{026}^{\ast \ast }$
N children	Interviewee’s number of living children	$1.997$	$2.264$	$-0.{267}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Co-resident children	1 if reporting to have a child living in the same household	$0.251$	$0.190$	$0.{061}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Has daughter	1 if reporting to have at least one living daughter	$0.630$	$0.668$	$-0.{038}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Care other	1 if having received informal care by a neighbour or a friend from outside the household	$0.048$	$0.020$	$0.{028}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Care inside	1 if having received informal care by somebody from inside the household	$0.085$	$0.122$	$-0.{037}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Age	Interviewee’s age	$70.712$	$74.331$	$-3.{619}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Female	1 if the interviewee is a woman	$0.628$	$0.613$	$0.015$
Urban	1 if the interviewee lives in a big city, the suburbs or outskirts of a big city or a small town	$0.341$	$0.419$	$-0.{078}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Net wealth (in €)	Self-reported net wealth, in euro	$200,423$	$205,396$	$-4972$
Gift	1 if the interviewee has given any material or financial gift of 250€ or more in the last 12 months	$0.296$	$0.096$	$0.{200}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
Catalan	1 if interviewed in Catalan (Spain)	–	$0.167$	–

Number of observations: 2181 in Italy and 2344 in Spain (with the exception of the variable Net wealth)

The significance levels of the Welch two-tailed t test for difference in means are coded as: *significance at 10% level, **significance at 5% level, ***significance at 1% level