TABLE 1.

The function of ApoEVs in regeneration.

Nomenclature used by the authors	ApoEVs types according to sizes	Original cell	Recipient cell	Diseases/experimental effect	Mechanism	Role of vesicles	References
ApoBDs	Mix of ApoBDs and ApoMVs	Endothelial cells	Endothelial progenitor cells	Promote proliferation	Unclear	Unclear	Hristov et al., 2004
ApoBDs	Unclear	Cardiomyocytes	Cardiomyocyte precursors	Chronic post-infarction heart failure	Promote SC proliferation and differentiation	miRNA transfer?	Tyukavin et al., 2015
ApoBDs	ApoBDs	Macrophages	Epithelial cells	Promote proliferation	MiR-221 miR-222	miRNA transfer	Zhu et al., 2017
ApoBDs	Mix of ApoBDs and ApoMVs	Endothelial cells	Vascular cells	Atherosclerosis	Induced CXCL12-dependent vascular protection	miRNA transfer	Zernecke et al., 2009
ApoBDs	Mix of ApoBDs and ApoMVs	Epithelial stem cells	Epithelial stem cells	Promote proliferation and division	Activate Wnt8a	mRNA transfer	Brock et al., 2019
ApoBDs	ApoBDs	BMSCs	BMSCs	Osteopenia	Activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway	miRNA transfer	Liu et al., 2018
ApoBDs	Mix of ApoBDs and ApoMVs	MSCs	Endothelial cells	Myocardial infarction	Regulate autophagy	Active lysosome function	Liu et al., 2020
CRK-MVs	ApoMVs	podocytes	Epithelial cells	Renal repair	Induce compensatory proliferation	Paracrine mediators?	Bussolati and Camussi, 2017
MOC- ApoBDs	ApoBDs	Osteoclasts	Pre-osteoblasts	Bone remodeling	Activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K signaling	RANK activator	Ma et al., 2019

ApoBDs, apoptotic bodies; SCs, stem cells; BMSCs, bone mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, AKT Ser–Thr kinase; S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; RANK, nuclear factor kappa B.