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. 2020 Aug 6;29:0963689720947348. doi: 10.1177/0963689720947348

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© The Author(s) 2020

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — Efficacy of PDB on IGF-1 signaling, inflammatory status, and chondrogenic proteins in knee joint. Assessment of expression levels of (A) pIGF-1, (B) pAKT, and (C) IRS-1 in control, nicotine-treated, and PDB-treated nicotine-OA group. Further, in these groups, the gene expression of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 (D) and chondrogenic genes (E) was investigated. The results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; OA: osteoarthritis; PDB: platelet-derived biomaterial; SD: standard deviation.