Table 1. Comparison of Patient and Injury Characteristics and Outcomes Across Patients With and Without TBI.
| Variable | Patients, No. (%) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No TBI (n = 335) | TBI (n = 166) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 46.00 (31.00-59.50) | 43.00 (25.00-59.75) | .46 |
| Male | 239 (71.3) | 125 (75.3) | .41 |
| Race | |||
| White | 287 (85.7) | 148 (89.2) | .10 |
| Black | 35 (10.4) | 8 (4.8) | |
| Asian | 1 (0.3) | 0 | |
| Other | 3 (0.9) | 5 (3.0) | |
| Unknown | 9 (2.7) | 5 (3.0) | |
| Medications receiving | |||
| Vitamin K antagonist | 12 (4.4) | 2 (1.8) | .33 |
| Antiplatelets | 27 (9.7) | 11 (9.6) | >.99 |
| Injury characteristics | |||
| Injury Severity Score, median (IQR) | 17 (9-25) | 29 (22-38) | <.001 |
| Abbreviated Injury Severity score, median (IQR) | |||
| Head | 0 (0-2) | 4 (3-5) | <.001 |
| Chest | 2 (0-3) | 3 (2-3) | .01 |
| Abdomen | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-2) | .09 |
| Extremity | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | .47 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score | |||
| Prehospital | |||
| <8 | 95 (29.3) | 123 (75.5) | <.001 |
| 8-12 | 34 (10.5) | 13 (8.0) | |
| 13-15 | 195 (60.2) | 27 (16.6) | |
| Emergency department | |||
| <8 | 144 (43.8) | 132 (81.0) | <.001 |
| 8-12 | 5 (1.5) | 8 (4.9) | |
| 13-15 | 180 (54.7) | 23 (14.1) | |
| Prehospital systolic blood pressure <70 mm Hg | 164 (49.1) | 82 (49.4) | >.99 |
| Spinal cord injury | 21 (6.3) | 17 (10.3) | .16 |
| Blunt injury | 247 (73.7) | 166 (100.0) | <.001 |
| Blunt mechanism | |||
| Fall | 21 (8.5) | 14 (8.4) | .32 |
| Motor vehicle crash | |||
| Occupant | 137 (55.5) | 89 (53.6) | |
| Motorcyclist | 40 (16.2) | 35 (21.1) | |
| Pedestrian or cyclist | 13 (5.2) | 15 (9.0) | |
| Unknown | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Struck by or against | 16 (6.5) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Other | 18 (7.3) | 9 (5.4) | |
| Prehospital | |||
| Intubation | 131 (39.1) | 125 (75.3) | <.001 |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 19 (5.7) | 12 (7.2) | .63 |
| Plasma intervention | 156 (46.6) | 74 (44.6) | .75 |
| Crystalloid fluid, median (IQR), mL | 600.00 (0.00-1440.00) | 812.50 (0.00-1475.00) | .35 |
| Packed red blood cells, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-1.50) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | .93 |
| Received packed red blood cells | 115 (34.3) | 59 (35.5) | .87 |
| Transport time, median (IQR), min | 41.00 (32.25-52.00) | 42.50 (35.00-53.00) | .19 |
| Transferred from facility | 77 (23.1) | 34 (20.6) | .60 |
| Hospital | |||
| International normalized ratio, median (IQR) | 1.20 (1.10-1.40) | 1.30 (1.10-1.60) | .001 |
| Thromboelastography values, median (IQR) | |||
| α Angle, ° | 70.30 (61.90-74.90) | 67.80 (59.75-73.47) | .11 |
| Activated clotting time, s | 113.00 (97.00-128.00) | 121.00 (100.00-136.00) | .31 |
| Kappa, min | 1.75 (1.20-2.79) | 2.08 (1.50-3.10) | .08 |
| Maximum amplitude, mm | 58.00 (49.00-64.15) | 55.90 (48.85-61.15) | .11 |
| Lysis at 30 min, % | 1.40 (0.00-20.00) | 2.30 (0.00-34.38) | .19 |
| Transfusion in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 4.00 (1.00-13.00) | 4.00 (2.00-13.00) | .27 |
| Packed red blood cells in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 3.00 (1.00-7.50) | 3.50 (1.00-7.75) | .61 |
| Plasma in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-3.00) | 0.00 (0.00-4.00) | .20 |
| Platelets in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | .12 |
| Crystalloid fluid in 24 h, median (IQR), mL | 4300.00 (2297.50-6500.00) | 4725.00 (3103.00-6753.25) | .20 |
| Vasopressors in 24 h | 139 (41.5) | 103 (62.0) | <.001 |
| Outcome | |||
| 30-d mortality | 65 (19.4) | 77 (46.4) | <.001 |
| 24-hour mortality | 47 (14.0) | 45 (27.1) | .001 |
| Multiple organ failure | 192 (57.3) | 109 (65.7) | .09 |
| Intensive care unit length of stay, median (IQR), d | 3 (1-10) | 7 (2-14) | <.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR), d | 8 (3-21) | 10 (2-20) | .97 |
| Ventilator duration, median (IQR), d | 2 (1-6) | 4 (1-10) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
a
To calculate P values for between-group comparisons, we performed the Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric, continuous variables with 2 or fewer groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric, continuous variables with more than 2 groups.