Table 2. Comparison of Patient and Injury Characteristics and Outcomes Among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Across Groups of the Prehospital Air Medical Plasma Trial.
| Variable | Patients, No. (%) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard care (n = 92) | Plasma (n = 74) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 44.00 (25.00-59.25) | 42.50 (25.25-60.25) | .80 |
| Male | 75 (81.5) | 50 (67.6) | .06 |
| Race | |||
| White | 80 (87.0) | 68 (91.9) | .67 |
| Black | 5 (5.4) | 3 (4.1) | |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | |
| Other | 3 (3.3) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Unknown | 4 (4.3) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Medications receiving | |||
| Vitamin K antagonist | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.7) | >.99 |
| Antiplatelets | 3 (5.3) | 8 (13.8) | .22 |
| Injury characteristics | |||
| Injury Severity Score, median (IQR) | 29 (22-37) | 29 (20-41) | .92 |
| Abbreviated Injury Severity score, median (IQR) | |||
| Head | 4 (3-5) | 3 (3-4) | .33 |
| Chest | 3 (2-3) | 3 (2-30) | .23 |
| Abdomen | 0 (0-2) | 2 (0-2) | .26 |
| Extremity | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-3) | .41 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score | |||
| Prehospital | |||
| <8 | 71 (79.8) | 52 (70.3) | .37 |
| 8-12 | 6 (6.7) | 7 (9.5) | |
| 13-15 | 12 (13.5) | 15 (20.3) | |
| Emergency department | |||
| <8 | 77 (84.6) | 55 (76.4) | .17 |
| 8-12 | 2 (2.2) | 6 (8.3) | |
| 13-15 | 12 (13.2) | 11 (15.3) | |
| Prehospital systolic blood pressure <70 mm Hg | 49 (53.3) | 33 (44.6) | .34 |
| Spinal cord injury | 11 (12.0) | 6 (8.2) | .60 |
| Blunt injury | 92 (100.0) | 74 (100.0) | >.99 |
| Blunt mechanism | |||
| Fall | 9 (9.8) | 5 (6.8) | .86 |
| Motor vehicle crash | |||
| Occupant | 51 (55.4) | 38 (51.4) | |
| Motorcyclist | 20 (21.7) | 15 (20.3) | |
| Pedestrian or cyclist | 6 (6.5) | 9 (12.5) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 1 (1.4) | |
| Struck by or against | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Other | 4 (4.3) | 5 (7.8) | |
| Prehospital | |||
| Intubation | 72 (78.3) | 53 (71.6) | .42 |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 9 (9.8) | 3 (4.1) | .27 |
| Crystalloid fluid, median (IQR), mL | 1000.00 (0.00-1500.00) | 700.00 (0.00-1287.50) | .20 |
| Packed red blood cells, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-2.00) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | .13 |
| Received packed red blood cells | 38 (41.3) | 21 (28.4) | .12 |
| Transport time, median (IQR), min | 41.00 (33.75-50.25) | 45.00 (36.00-54.25) | .08 |
| Transferred from facility | 12 (13.2) | 22 (29.7) | .02 |
| Hospital | |||
| International normalized ratio, median (IQR) | 1.40 (1.20-1.80) | 1.20 (1.10-1.40) | .001 |
| Thromboelastography values, median (IQR) | |||
| α Angle, ° | 66.10 (56.97-71.97) | 69.70 (62.48-75.03) | .10 |
| Activated clotting time, s | 121.00 (97.00-136.00) | 121.00 (105.00-132.00) | .97 |
| Kappa, min | 2.15 (1.56-3.50) | 1.80 (1.25-2.60) | .10 |
| Maximum amplitude, mm | 55.70 (47.23-59.83) | 56.00 (52.25-63.30) | .14 |
| Lysis at 30 min, % | 2.15 (0.00-40.00) | 2.75 (0.00-30.00) | .63 |
| Transfusion in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 5.00 (2.00-16.00) | 3.00 (0.00-10.00) | .03 |
| Packed red blood cells in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 4.00 (2.00-8.00) | 3.00 (0.00-6.00) | .03 |
| Plasma in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-4.00) | 0.00 (0.00-3.00) | .34 |
| Platelets in 24 h, median (IQR), units | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | 0.00 (0.00-1.00) | .47 |
| Crystalloid fluid in 24 h, median (IQR), mL | 4999.00 (3850.00-7000.00) | 4312.50 (2280.75-5867.50) | .05 |
| Vasopressors in 24 h | 67 (72.8) | 36 (48.6) | .002 |
| Outcome | |||
| 30-d mortality | 51 (55.4) | 26 (35.1) | .01 |
| 24-hour mortality | 33 (35.9) | 12 (16.2) | .008 |
| Multiple organ failure | 52 (56.5) | 57 (77.0) | .009 |
| Intensive care unit length of stay, median (IQR), d | 6 (1-12) | 8 (3-15) | .04 |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR), d | 8 (1-19) | 13 (6-20) | .05 |
| Ventilator duration, median (IQR), d | 4 (1-9) | 5 (2-11) | .12 |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
a
To calculate P values for between-group comparisons, we performed the Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric, continuous variables with 2 or fewer groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric, continuous variables with more than 2 groups.