Table 1.

An overview of clinically used and experimental photosensitizers for PDD and PDT of PCAR.

Photosensitizer	Application	Peak Excitation Wavelengths	Molar Extinction Coefficient (M−1cm−1)	Peak Emission Wavelength	State of Development	Ref.
Aminolevulinic acid (PpIX)	PDD & PDT	409 nm 630 nm	1.2 × 105 (409 nm) 5.0 × 103 (630 nm)	635 nm	Clinical trials	[21]
Indocyanine green	PDD	780 nm	2.6 × 105	835 nm	Clinical trials	[22]
Porfimer sodium	PDT	630 nm	1.2 × 103	635 nm	Clinical trials	[21]
Hypericin	PDD & PDT	589 nm	4.5 × 104	599 nm	Clinical trials	[21]
Pyropheophorbide A (Folate-conjugated)	PDD & PDT	668 nm	4.5 × 104	672 nm	Preclinical	[23]
Meso-tetrahydroxy-phenylchlorin (Folate-conjugated)	PDD & PDT	652 nm	2.9 × 104	655 nm	Preclinical	[21]
Benzoporphyrin derivative (anti-EGFR mAb-conjugated)	PDD & PDT	692 nm	3.3 × 104	695 nm	Preclinical	[24]