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Antimicrobial and antifouling strategies. (a) Antimicrobial solutions aim at killing living microorganisms through physical (mechanical), chemical, or electrostatic interactions. (b) Antifouling systems contrast living organisms or inert bodies (e.g., dirt) through steric, physical (morphological), or electrostatic repulsive actions. Parts of the figure are reprinted from [15]—Open Access under Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license.
